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Kinesiology > Gait > Flashcards

Gait Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main phases of gait?

A
  1. stance phase
  2. Swing phase
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2
Q

What percentage of stance phase makes up the gait cycle? and what type of limb support occurs?

A
  • 62% of gait cyle
  • single OR double limb support
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3
Q

What are the sub phases of stance and swing?

A

Stance:
- initial contact
- loading response
- midstance
- terminal stance
- pre-swing

Swing:
- initial swing
- midswing
- terminal swing

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4
Q

What occurs duing initial contact?

A
  • 0-2% of gait
  • begins as soon as heel touches down
  • Glut max contracts to control hips (very important bc it helps maintain hip and torso)
  • dorsiflexion contracts eccentrically (lengthens)
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5
Q

What occurs duing loading response?

A
  • begins after IC and ends with end of double limb support
  • 2-12% of gait
  • body weight is trasported onto supporting limb
  • Dorsifelxors contract eccentrically
  • Quadraceps control knee flexion (stabilize knee)
  • its purpose is to control the load being put through the limb
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6
Q

What occurs in midstance?

A
  • 12-31% of gait cycle
  • From loading response to until ankles are aligned
  • concentric contraction of hip and knee extension
  • Looks like a SL stance
  • Line of gravity straight through the supporting leg
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7
Q

What occurs in Terminal Stance?

A
  • 31-50% of gait cycle
  • begins when heeel comes off the ground (to dorsiflex) and ends at double limb support
  • COG gravity passes forward
  • Toe flexes and plantar flexors contract to propel body forward
  • Posterior tibilais is very active {plantar flexion and inversion helps to raise the arch to give us more leverage and power)
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8
Q

What occurs duing pre-swing?

A
  • 50-62% of gait cycle
  • begins with initial contact of opposite side and ends with toe-off
  • start of double limb support
  • hip flexors drive leg forward
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9
Q

What occurs during the swing phase of “initial swing”? Bonus what is another name for this phase?

A
  • also called acceleration
  • 62-75% of gait cycle
  • starts with single limb support and ends at point of maximal knee flexion
  • hip flexors contract concentrically
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10
Q

What occurs during the swing phase “midswing”?

A
  • 75-87% of gait cycle
  • max knee flexion to the point where the tibia is vertical
  • dorsiflexion (concentrically) ensures foot clearance
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11
Q

What occurs duing the swing phase “terminal swing”?

A
  • 87-100% of gait cycle
  • begins when the tibia is vertical and ends just before initial contact
  • hamstrings contract eccentrically to decelerate the hip and knee
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12
Q

What are the ROM requirments for normal gait? (foot+ankle, knee, hips, pelvis)

A

Foot and ankle
- DF: 15
- PF: 20

**Knee: very important **
- full extension
- 60 flexion

Hip:
- 30 hip flexion (need very little)

Pelvis:
- needs to rotate and lift (lengthens leg and opens up the stride)

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13
Q

How is running gait different than walking gait?

A
  • gain a floating period
  • lose double limb support
  • decrease contact time
  • increase GRF up to 8x bw
  • increase knee flexion duing stance phase (allows for increased push-off and absorbtion of force)
  • incerase pronation
  • loading pattern differences to help transfer more force
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14
Q

What are the phases of running?

A
  • initial contact
  • midstance
  • take-off
  • initial swing (2 legs in swing simulatnously {floating})
  • midswing
  • terminal swing
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15
Q

How do you analyze gait?

A
  • start with postural evaluation
  • observe from all sides (ant, post, lat)
  • first get big picture (composite) analysis, then break down components into more detail (what is ankle/knee doing ect)
  • use a form like the rancho los amigos
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16
Q

What are important aspects to include when analyzing gait?

A
  • step (1foot) and stride length (both feet)
  • step width
  • cadence: temp of gait (av = 110 step/min)
  • duration of stance and swing phases (stance is 60% and swing is 40%)
  • symmetry and fluidity of gait
16
Q

What is typical weight transmission pattern and what can change this pattern?

A
  • central heel strike, lateral roll-off, and toe-off
    Factors that change it:
  • foot type (pes planus vs cavus)
  • Heels VS flats
  • hip alignment, wide q angle, pain/injury
16
Q

Why is wear pattern important to look at on shoes?

A

_

16
Q

How to do personal step calculations?

A

personal steps p/mile
- 5280 steps length
- 5280/2.5 = 2112 steps/mile

converting
- # of steps taken/PSM (total miles walked)
- 13,000/2112 = 6.16 miles

16
Q

What is the practical application of difference between rate and length?

A

Slow to medium speed: increase stride length but keep tempo
Med to sprint:
- if you try to just lengthen stride you will overstride (bad for speed bc you decrease GRF) (we cant use knee flexion to absorb force and the ankle is straight too, so force goes right into the knee)
- you should instead increase tempo not length

17
Q

What is the running tempo with the most efficiency? when we run slow what phase are we in most?

A
  • 180 is temp reccomended
  • slower you tun the more stance you are in (stance phase is where more injuries happen)
18
Q

What are the different types of running styles (strike patterns)?

A
  • rearfoot (better in thicker padded shoe)
  • forefoot (thinner shoe)
  • midfoot (thinner shoe)
19
Q

What are pathalogical gait patterns the result of?

A
  • body’s response to pain, paralysis, muscle spasticity
20
Q

Antalgic gait?

A
  • limp (like an ankle sprain)
  • trunk shifts towards good side
  • painful gait
  • goal of antalgic gait is to reduce the time in stance phase and elongate swing
21
Q

Gluteus maximus gait?

A
  • caused by paralysis/weakness of glut max
  • increased thoracic extension of initial contact
  • trunk lurching (+ extension of spine)
  • the body tries to fake this glut contraction

the glut is important for eccentric contraction in early stages of stance

22
Q

Psoatic limp?

A
  • caused by weakness of the psoas major (can be associated with Legg-Calve-Perthes) where the femoral head starts to die
  • Flex and rotation of the trunk towards the involved side (try to artifically shorten psoas major)
  • Exagerated pelvic rotation
  • ER, flexion, adduct hip
23
Q

Quadriceps gait?

A
  • due to quad weakness or palsy
  • lack of full knee extension
  • pt may use hand to mimic quad contarction by pushing leg back into extension
  • mid-late stage of stance quads control of eccentrically
24
Q

Steppage gait (drop-foot)

A
  • caused by weakness or paralysis of dorsiflexion
  • forefoot slapping the ground at initial contact
  • DF unable to eccentrically contract and control the motion
  • (may look like you are stepping into a box or the leg whips)
25
Q

Circumduction gait?

A
  • lateral movement of the leg duing swing phase
  • “peg-leg gait”
  • Causes: knee stiffness OR lack of dorsifelxion of hip flexors
26
Q

Calcaneal gait?

A
  • cuased by plantar flexor weakness or painful WB on the forefoot
  • increased Dorsiflexion duing stance phase
  • Increases WB on calcaneus of affected foot
  • seen in ruptured achiles
  • makes stance phase shorter and we lose those later stages (stride length is also shorter)
27
Q

Short leg gait?

A
  • caused by leg length discrepency
  • Increases pronation on longer side
  • causes a shift of the trunk toward the longer leg
  • they bring the pelvis up and close to the body, thus the body is trying to shorten the leg artificially
  • clinical signifcance of asymetry is 1.5 cm
  • this may look like a scoloiosis gate so you need to be thorough and measure
28
Q

Scissor gate?

A
  • indicates spastic paralysis/tightness of adductor group (associated with CP) (may also be from obturator nerve issues)
  • hyperadduction
  • pigeon toed position
29
Q

What is the basic cause and types of Trendelenburg’s gait? What is the formula?

A
  • caused by weakness of the gluteus medius
    Types:
  • Uncompensated
  • Compensated

Formula:
* D1 x BW = D2 x HAM (hip adducion moment)
* +d aor –> LOG (perpendicular ditance of axis of rotation leads to line of action)

30
Q

What is the compensating type of trendelenburg’s gait?

A
  • pt has pain
  • lean and shifts pelvis towards affected side (lurch laterally)
31
Q

What is the uncompensated type of trendelenburg’s gait?

A
  • NO pain
  • hip shifts/pelvic drop occurs
  • looks like a bad model walk where the hip on one side pops
32
Q

Can we artificially shorten the functional distance between D1 and D2?

A
  • Yes but only in compenstated
  • with the trunk shift, the LOG comes close to the glut med so it does less work
33
Q

How can we fix this?

A
  • can change bw over time, the less you weigh the less stress you put on your body
  • fix by strengthning the glut medius

Kinesiology (16 decks)

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