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Functional Anatomy > The Spine > Flashcards

The Spine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different sections of the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
  • Coccyx
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2
Q

How many vertebrae are in each section of the spinal column?

A
  • 7 Cervical
  • 12 Thoracic
  • 5 Lumbar
  • 5 Sacral (Fused)
  • 3-5 Coccyx (Fused)
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3
Q

How many curves are there in the spine and how are they categorised?

A

4; 2 Primary and 2 Secondary

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4
Q

What are the 2 Primary curves of the spine?

A

Thoracic and Sacro-coccygeal

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5
Q

What are the two secondary curves of the spine?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

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6
Q

What is another word used to describe the curve of the cervical and lumbar spines?

A

Lordotic/Lordosis

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7
Q

What is another word used to describe the curve of the thoracic spine?

A

Kyphotic/Kyphosis

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8
Q

How can the C3-7 Vertebrae be identified?

A

Oval body, short spinous processes and large foramen, with foramen in the transverse processes

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9
Q

How can C1 (atlas) be identified?

A

No body or spinous process

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10
Q

How can C2 (axis) be identified?

A

The ‘dens’; a process that projects superior from the spine body

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11
Q

Apart from other vertebrae what do thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

A

The ribs

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12
Q

How can the thoracic vertebrae be identified?

A

Heart shaped body, circular foramen, long spinous processes and transverse processes

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13
Q

What does the structure of the thoracic vertebrae suggest about its function?

A

articular facets limit flexion and extension but allow for rotation

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14
Q

What does the structure of the Lumbar vertebrae suggest about its function?

A

Large body suggests load bearing function. Only allows flexion and extension due to orientation of articular facets

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15
Q

How can the lumbar vertebrae be identified?

A

Short thick pedicles and laminae, flat short spinous processes and triangular foramen

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16
Q

What are the three basic components of vertebrae and their functions?

A
  • Body: load bearing
  • Arch: Spinal cord protection
  • Processes: attachment for muscles
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17
Q

What are the two types of intervertebral joints?

A
  • Vertebral body articulation

- Vertebral facet articulations

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18
Q

What are vertebral body articulations

A

Symphysis joint between two vertebral bodies and a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc

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19
Q

What are vertebral facet articulations?

A

Non axial diarthrodial joints. Movement determined largely by orientation of articular facets

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20
Q

What is the intervertebral disc made up of?

A

Annulus Fibrosis and Nucleus Pulposus

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21
Q

What is the annulus fibrosis

A

Outer fibrosis ring of the spinal disc

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22
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

Inner ball of firmly compressed elastic material

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23
Q

How much does water make up intervertebral discs?

A

80-90%

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24
Q

How much of the length of the spinal column is due to intervertebral discs?

A

1/4 the Length of the Spinal Column?

25
What are the vertebral ligaments?
- Anterior Longitudinal Ligaments - Posterior longitudinal ligaments - Ligamentum flavum - Interspinous ligament - Supraspinous ligament - Intertransverse ligaments
26
What is the function of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments of the spine?
Connects the vertebral bodies
27
What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?
Connects the lamine from the axis to the sacrum
28
What is the function of the Interspinous ligament?
Connects contiguous spinous processes
29
What is the function of the supraspinous ligament?
Connects apices of the spinous processes
30
What is the function of the intertransverse ligaments?
Connects the transverse processes
31
What are the movements of the spine?
- Flexion/Extension - Lateral Flexion - Rotation - Circumduction
32
What occurs in the vertebrae during spinal flexion?
Compression of anterior aspect of the inter-vertebral disc and gliding of the facet joints
33
Where does spinal flexion most freely occur?
Cervical, Upper Thoracic and Lumbar regions?
34
Where does spinal extension most freely occur?
Cervical and Lumbar Region
35
Why is thoracic extension limited?
Due to the orientation of the articular facets allowing rotation but limiting movement in the sagittal plane
36
Where does lateral flexion most freely occur?
Cervical region followed by lumbar region
37
Where does spinal rotation most freely occur?
Greatest at cervical region, then upper thoracic, then lower thoracic, least movement in the lumbar
38
What is the action of the prevertebral muscles?
Same Side flexion or opposite side rotation (separately) and neck flexion (together)
39
What is the action of the Hyoid muscles
(Together) Neck flexion
40
What is the action of the external abdominal oblique?
(Bilateral) PPT, Thorcic and Lumbar flexion (Unilateral) : Lateral Flexion and Rotation
41
What is the action of the internal abdominal oblique?
(Bilateral) Thoracic and Lumbar flexion against gravity | (Unilateral) Lateral Flexion and Rotation
42
What is the action of the Rectus Abdominis?
(Bilateral) Thoracic and Lumbar Flexion against gravity and PPT (Unilateral) Side Flexion
43
What is the action of the Transverse Abdominis?
Stability of trunk, Flattening of the abdominal wall
44
What muscles on the anterior aspect of the body affect the cervical spine?
Prevertebral muscles
45
What muscles on the anterior aspect of the body affect the thoracic and lumbar spine?
Abdominals
46
What muscles on the posterior aspect of the body affect the cervical spine?
Splenius
47
What muscles on the posterior aspect of the body affect the thoracic and lumbar spine?
Erector Spinae and Semispinalis
48
What muscles on the lateral aspect of the body affect the cervical spine?
Scalenus, Sternocleidomastoid, Levator Scapulae
49
What muscles on the lateral aspect of the body affect the thoracic and lumbar spine?
Quadratus Lumborum,and Psoas Major
50
What is the action of the Splenius (Capitis and Cervicis) muscle?
Bilateral: (hyper)extension of neck unilateral: same side flexion or rotation
51
What are the three branches of the erector spinae?
- iliocostalis - longissimus - spinalis
52
What is the action of the erector spinae?
Bilateral: extension against gravity or resistance Unilateral: Same side flexion or rotation
53
What is the action of the semispinalis?
Bilateral: extension of C and T spine Unilateral: Same side flexion and rotation
54
What are the deep spinal erectors?
- Multifidus - Rotator longus and brevis - Interspinalis - Intertransversus lateral and medial - Levator costae longus and brevis
55
What is the action of Scalenus (ant, post and med) muscle?
Bilateral: C spine flexion Unilateral: same side flexion
56
What is the action of the Sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Bilateral: Head and Neck flexion Unilateral: same side flexion, opposite side rotation
57
What is the action of the Quadratus Lumborum on the spine?
Stabilises pelvis and lumbar (bilateral) and same side flexion of lumbar (unilateral)
58
What is the action of the psoas major on the spine?
Bilateral: increased lordosis Unilateral: same side flexion when insertion fixed

Functional Anatomy (8 decks)

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