Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What are the two different types of bone?

Answer 1

• Cortical/Compact

- Cancellous/Spongy/Trabecular

Question 2

What is the composition of a long bone?

Answer 2

A diaphysis (shaft) with two epiphyses (ends + articulating surfaces). 80% Compact Bone, 20% Trabecular Bone.

Question 3

Explain what Cortical or Compact Bone is

Answer 3

External, hard surfaces of bone. Mostly the walls of diaphyses

Question 4

Explain what trabecular bone is

Answer 4

a lattice of fine bone plates and bone marrow, which reduces skeletal mass without comprising strength

Question 5

What are the two categories the skeleton can be split into?

Answer 5

the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

Question 6

What is the Axial Skeleton?

Answer 6

The Skull, Sternum, Ribcage and Spinal Column (including sacrum)

Question 7

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 7

All appendages, the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle (excluding the sacrum)

Question 8

What are the types of bones?

Answer 8

• Short Bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular Bones
• Long Bones

Question 9

Give examples of a short bone?

Answer 9

Carpals and Tarsals

Question 10

Give examples of flat bones?

Answer 10

Scapulae, Innominate Bone

Question 11

What are some other words for the Pelvic Bone?

Answer 11

Innominate Bone and Coxal Bone

Question 12

Give examples of an irregular bone?

Answer 12

The sacrum

Question 13

Give an example of a long bone?

Answer 13

Femur or Humerus

Question 14

List the 8 common bone features

Answer 14

• Articular Surface
• Condyle
• Trochlea
• Tuberosity
• Trochanter
• Process
• Spine
• Fossa

Question 15

What is an articular surface on a bone?

Answer 15

The point where bones meet to make a joint

Question 16

What is a bone Condyle?

Answer 16

A round convex protuberance at the end of a bone (e.g. Med and Lat Condyle of the Femur)

Question 17

What is a bone Trochlea?

Answer 17

A ‘pulley-like’ structure, such as the groove at the distal end of the humerus

Question 18

What is a bone tuberosity?

Answer 18

A rounded prominence, usually to provide attachment for tendons and ligaments

Question 19

What is a bone Trochanter?

Answer 19

A boney protrusion for muscle attachment (only on the femur)

Question 20

What is a bone process?

Answer 20

A projection from a bone, like the olecranon process (elbow)

Question 21

What is a bone spine?

Answer 21

A prominant plate or ridge on a bone, like the scapular spine

Question 22

What is a fossa?

Answer 22

A hollow or depression in a bone, like the glenoid fossa or subscapular fossa both on the scapula

Question 23

What is bone stiffness?

Answer 23

resistance to compressive/tensile deformation

Question 24

What are the two types of bone growth?

Answer 24

Longitudinal and Circumferential Growth

Question 25

What is longitudinal bone growth?

Answer 25

- Growth at ephyses or epiphyseal plates which usually stops around 18 yrs old

Question 26

What is circumferential bone growth?

Answer 26

Increasing diameter of bones over lifespan, though most rapid before adulthood

Question 27

what is Wolf's Law, in regards to bones response to stress?

Answer 27

Bone strength increases and decreases as the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease

Question 28

What causes bone hypertrophy?

Answer 28

Increased activity/strain causing increase osteoblast activity

Question 29

what causes bone atrophy?

Answer 29

decrease in physical activity/strain leading to increased osteoclast activity (e.g. bed-ridden people)

Question 30

What are the functions of joints?

Answer 30

- To facilitate relative motion between bones | - To transmit force from one bone to another

Question 31

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 31

smooth white cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones to allows them to move with less friction

Question 32

What is an articular capsule?

Answer 32

a membranous structure surrounding the joint filled with synovial fluid

Question 33

What is synovial fluid?

Answer 33

Viscous liquid found in cavities of synovial joints/diarthroses to reduce friction

Question 34

What are the 3 main types of joint?

Answer 34

- Synarthroses - Amphiarthroses - Diarthroses

Question 35

What are synarthroses?

Answer 35

an unmovable joint which attenuates force (e.g. joints formed between the plates of the skull)

Question 36

What are amphiarthroses?

Answer 36

Slightly movable joints which attenuate force but also permit slight motion at the joint

Question 37

What are the two kinds of amphiarthroses?

Answer 37

- Synchondroses | - Sympheses

Question 38

What are sympheses?

Answer 38

Layers of articular cartilage separating fibrocartilage from bone (e.g. Pubic Symphysis)

Question 39

What are Synchondroses?

Answer 39

Amphiarthroses held together by a thin layer of cartilage (e.g. epiphyseal plates pre-ossification)

Question 40

What are Diarthroses?

Answer 40

Synovial Joints: freely moving

Question 41

What are the six types of Diarthroses?

Answer 41

- Gliding Joints - Hinge Joints - Pivot Joints - Condyloid Joints - Saddle Joints - Ball and Socket

Question 42

What is a gliding diarthrodial joint?

Answer 42

A joint formed between two flat articulating surfaces which glides non-axially (e.g. intercarpal/tarsal joints)

Question 43

What is a hinge diarthrodial joint?

Answer 43

Joint formed between concave and convex articulating surfaces, limited to single plane movement due to restriction by collateral ligaments (e.g. Elbow)

Question 44

What is a pivot diarthrodial joint?

Answer 44

A joint where rotation is permitted on one axis (e.g. radioulnar joint)

Question 45

What is a condyloid diarthrodial joint?

Answer 45

a joint between a concave and convex articulating surface allowing movement in both sagittal and frontal planes (e.g. radiocarpal joint)

Question 46

What is a saddle diarthrodial joint?

Answer 46

Similar to condyloid with greater range of motion due to saddle shape (e.g. CMC joint in thumb)

Question 47

What is a 'ball and socket' diarthrodial joint?

Answer 47

a joint between concave and convex articulating surfaces which allows movement in all three planes (e.g. hip and shoulder)

Question 48

Which diarthroses are triaxial?

Answer 48

Only Ball and socket

Question 49

Give examples of biaxial joints

Answer 49

Condyloid and Saddle

Question 50

Give examples of uniaxial joints

Answer 50

Hinge and Pivot