The Spine

Question 0

Thoracic spine

Answer 0

Osteokinematics:
- zygapophyseal facets lie in frontal plane from T1-T6 and there for limit flexion-extension in this region
- ribs and costal joints restrict lateral flexion
- facets in lower thoracic region oriented more in sagittal plane- permit somewhat more flex-ext.
Capsular pattern: greater limitation of extension, lateral flexion and rotation than of forward flexion

Question 1

Joints of the cervical spine

Answer 1

Atlanto-occipital joint:
Osteokinematics- flex-ext, some lateral rotation, lateral flexion
Capsular pattern- equal restriction of extension and lateral flexion. Rotation and flexion not affected
Atlantoaxial joint:
Osteokinematics- lateral AA joint: flex-ext, lateral flexion, rotation
Median AA joint: rotation
Intervertebral and zygapophyseal joints:
Osteokinematics- flex-ext, lateral flex, rotation
Capsular patter- C2-C7: equal limitations of all motions except flexion which is usually barely restricted

Question 2

Lumbar spine

Answer 2

Osteokinematics: 3 degrees of freedom
- orientation of facets favors flexion and extension
- lateral flexion and rotation limited
Capsular pattern: equal restriction of lateral flexion followed by restriction of flex and ext

Question 3

Spondylosis

Answer 3

Degeneration of intervertebral disc

Question 4

Spondylolysis

Answer 4

Defect in the pars interarticularis (arch)

Question 5

Spondylolithesis

Answer 5

Forward displacement of one vertebra bore another