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OCC2012 > The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, & Injuries > Flashcards

The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, & Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

list the 3 structures that protect the spinal cord

A
  • bone
  • meninges
  • CSF
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2
Q

where does the spinal cord end

A

at the conus medullaris (L1 or L2 in adults)

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3
Q

describe the caudal equina

A

collection of nerve roots

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4
Q

describe the function of the filum terminale

A

anchors the cord to the coccyx

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5
Q

describe the function of the meninges and the 3 layers from out to inner

A 
Layers of connective tissue covering the spinal cord 
Layers: 
1. Dura Mater 
2. Arachnoid mater 
3. Pia Mater
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6
Q

describe the characteristics of the dura mater

A
  • tough outer covering
  • not attached to the vertebral column
  • ends at S2
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7
Q

describe the characteristics of the arachnoid mater

A
  • loose middle covering layer
  • separated from dura mater by subdural space (which contains blood vessels & CSF)
  • ends at S2
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8
Q

describe the characteristics of the Pia mater

A
  • connective tissue which clings to brain & spinal cord
  • rich with tiny blood vessels
  • projections that attach cord to the dura mater
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9
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

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10
Q

what axons do the dorsal roots contain

A

contains the axons of the sensory neutrons

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11
Q

where are the cell bodies of sensory neutrons found within

A

dorsal root ganglion

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12
Q

what is the function of the dorsal root

A

relays sensory input from receptors of the posterior body trunk to the spinal cord

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13
Q

what axons do the ventral roots contain

A

the ventral roots contain the axons of motor neurons

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14
Q

what is the function of the ventral roots

A

relay motor commands to effector glands & muscles of the rest of the trunk & limbs

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15
Q

list the 2 grooves of the spinal cord cross section

A
  1. ventral median fissure

2. dorsal median fissure

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16
Q

is the grey matter of the spinal cord on the inside or outside

A

on the inside which is connected by the grey commissure

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17
Q

what does the dorsal side of the spinal cord convey

A

incoming info = afferent = sensory

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18
Q

what does the ventral side of the spinal cord convey

A

outgoing info = efferent = motor

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19
Q

what forms the dorsal root

A

afferent (incoming) fibres carry impulses from peripheral sensory receptors forms the dorsal root

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20
Q

what forms the ventral horns

A

cell bodies of somatic motor neurones

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21
Q

what forms the lateral horns

A

cell bodies of automatic motor neurones that innervates internal organs

22
Q

list how the spinal grey matter is organised into 4 different nucleis

A
  1. interneurons receiving somatic sensory neurones
  2. interneurons receiving visceral sensory neurones
  3. visceral motor (autonomic) neurones
  4. somatic motor neurones
23
Q

list the 3 columns of the spinal cord white matter

A
  1. dorsal
  2. lateral
  3. ventral
24
Q

describe the role of 2nd order neurones

A

transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum where they synapse

25
Q

describe the role of 3rd order neurones

A

relay impulses to somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum

26
Q

list the ascending pathways

A
  • dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway
  • spinothalamic pathway
  • spinocerebellar pathway
27
Q

what impulses does the dorsal -medial lemniscal pathway transmit

A
  • touch
  • vibration
  • proprioception
28
Q

what is the dorsal column-medial lemiscal pathway made up of

A
  • dorsal white column

- medial lemniscus

29
Q

list the neurones involved in the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A

1st order neurones travel into dorsal white column via FC & FG tracts that synapses in the lower part of the medulla

2nd order neurones travel from medulla and synapses in the thalamus

3rd order neurones travel to specific areas of the cortex

30
Q

what impulses does the spinothalamic pathway transmit

A
  • pain
  • temperature
  • coarse touch
  • pressure
31
Q

what tracts is the spinothalamic pathway formed from

A
  • lateral spinothalamic tracts

- ventral spinothalamic tracts

32
Q

what information is transmitted via the spinocerebellar pathways

A
  • muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum
33
Q

what tracts is the spinocerebellar pathways formed from

A
  • ventral spinocerebellar

- dorsal spinocerebellar

34
Q

what sensory information is conveyed by the fasciculus cuneatus & fasciculus gracilis tracts and their location

A
  • fine touch
  • vibration
  • pressure
  • proprioception

located in dorsal column

35
Q

what sensory information is relayed by anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts and its location

A
  • unconscious proprioception

located in lateral column

36
Q

what sensory information is relayed by anterior (ventral) spinothalamic tract and its location

A
  • crude touch
  • pressure

located in ventral column

37
Q

what are the 2 groups of descending pathways

A
  1. direct pathways

2. indirect pathways

38
Q

where do direct pathways originate and where it synapses

A

primary motor cortex and synapses with lower motor neurones in the ventral horn

39
Q

list what indirect pathways regulate

A
  • axial muscles to maintain posture
  • muscles controlling coarse limb movements
  • head, neck and eye movements
40
Q

list the 4 indirect pathways

A
  1. reticulospinal tract
  2. vestibulospinal tract
  3. rubrospinal tract
  4. tectospinal tract
41
Q

function of reticulospinal tract

A

controls muscle tone & visceral motor functions

  • tract located in ventral and lateral white column
42
Q

function of vestibulospinal tract + location of tract

A

maintains balance by varying tone of postural muscles

  • tract located in ventral white column
43
Q

function of rubrospinal tract + location of tract

A

muscle tone of distal limb movements

  • tract located in lateral white column
44
Q

function of tectospinal tract + location of tract

A

mediates head movements in response to visual stimuli

45
Q

list the motor commands relayed by lateral corticospinal tracts and its white column location

A
  • voluntary motor commands that control skeletal muscles

located in lateral white column

46
Q

list the motor commands relayed by ventral corticospinal tracts and its white column location

A
  • voluntary motor commands that control the skeletal muscles of the axial skeleton, pectoral and pelvic girdle

located in the ventral white column

47
Q

define paralysis

A

loss of motor function

48
Q

define paraesthesias

A

abnormal sensations and sensory loss

49
Q

what occurs with damage to lower motor neurones in the ventral horns

A

flaccid paralysis in affected muscles

50
Q

list the outcomes of damage to primary motor cortex or upper motor neurone tracts

A
  • spastic paralysis
  • spinal reflexes stimulate muscles irregularly
  • no voluntary control

OCC2012 (7 decks)

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