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OCC2012 > Module 4 - Introduction to Neuroscience of Mental Illness > Flashcards

Module 4 - Introduction to Neuroscience of Mental Illness Flashcards

1
Q

list the CNS neurotransmitters

A
  • Acetyl Choline (Ach)
  • Monoamines
  • Amino Acids
  • Neuroactive Peptides
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2
Q

CNS Neurotransmitters: roles, implications of low levels, - Acetyl Choline

A

Roles:

  • cognition
  • memory
  • consciousness
  • motor control

Low Level:
- dementia

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3
Q

CNS Neurotransmitters: roles, mental illness, class of related chemicals,- Monoamines

A

roles:
- arousal
- cardiorespiratory control
- reward
- affect
- motor control

mental illness:

  • schizophrenia
  • depression

Class of Related Chemicals:

  • noradrenaline
  • adrenaline
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
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4
Q

CNS Neurotransmitters : Amino Acids

List the excitatory, excitotoxicity and inhibitory

A

Excitatory

  • glutamate
  • aspartate

Excito-toxicity

  • MSG
  • Huntington’s Disease
  • plant toxins

Inhibitory

  • Glycine
  • GABA
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5
Q

CNS Neurotransmitters: Neuropeptides - list and describe behavioural effects

A
  • B endorphin
  • Neuropeptide Y
  • Substance P

Effects:

  • Hunger/Satiety
  • Sleep/Wake
  • Temp
  • Pain modulation
  • Reward circuits
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6
Q

Describe the effect of Monoamines and balance of Ach

A
  • motor control
  • mood
  • thought process

e. g. depression
- monoamines at the synapse

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7
Q

define agonists

A

Binds to receptors + have same effect as the neurotransmitters

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8
Q

define antagonists

A

Interfere with the binding of neurotransmitters to receptor to reduce the effect of neurotransmitter

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9
Q

Describe how some drugs reduce the deactivation of neurotransmitters

A
  • increase of amount in synapse

- reuptake of inhibitors

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10
Q

list the different type of antidepressants

A
  • MAOI’s
  • Tricylic Antidepressents
  • SSRI’s
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11
Q

list the different type of mood stabilisers

A
  • Lithium

- Valproate

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12
Q

list the different types of Anxiolytics

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Hypnotics/Sedatives
    Antipsychotics e.g. rispiridore
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13
Q

list the 2 areas that are most affected by age related changes

A
  • hippocampus

- pre frontal cortex

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14
Q

list the functional changes in the brain with ageing

A
  • < in agility & memory and processing speed
  • < word finding
  • < speed of new learning
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15
Q

pharmacological treatments of dementia

A
  • Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
  • oestrogen
  • folate + vitamin B12
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16
Q

Neurophathological changes of the brain with dementia

A
  • shrinkage of cerebral cortex + hippocampus
  • B amyloid plaques
  • neurofibrillary plaques/tangles

damage is evident in hippocampus on onset + progresses to limbic system

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17
Q

list the 3 structures of the brainstem,

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
18
Q

role of the cerebral hemispheres

A
  • controls motor activities
  • register + interpret sensations
  • intellect, memory, language
19
Q

describe the cerebral white matter

A
  • bundles of myelinated fibres
20
Q

define corpus callosum

A

large bundles of fibres providing horizontal communication between 2 hemispheres

21
Q

describe the ventricles of the brain

A

3rd ventricles - receives CSF from lateral ventricles to 4th ventricle

4th ventricle (in brainstem) - passes CSF to subarachnoid space + central canal of spinal cord

22
Q

describe the function of the cerebral cortex

A
  • intellect, memory, language (higher functions)
  • motor areas to control voluntary movements
  • primary sensory areas
23
Q

describe primary motor cortex

A
  • in precentral gyrus of each hemisphere
  • conveys impulses from motor cortex to skeletal muscles
  • damage = loss of voluntary movements
24
Q

describe primary somatosensory areas

A

receives info from skin receptors + proprioceptors in skeletal muscles

25
Q

describe somatosensory association area

A

analyses info from previous experience

  • damage = not a loss of sense but loss of identifying object by individual sense
26
Q

describe procedural memory formation

A

relates to motor skills that are learnt and allow for automatic responses

27
Q

describe declarative memory formation

A

relates to life events and can influence mental disorders

28
Q

describe the structures that form mood

A
  • limbic system

- temporal + frontal cortex

29
Q

function of the limbic system

A
  • emotion formation, processing, learning and memory
  • hippocampus = memory storage
  • amygdala = forming emotional responses
30
Q

describe function of basal ganglia

A

responsible for coordinating unconscious components of movement e.g. posture + balance

31
Q

describe function of thalamus

A

receives majority of sensory impulses on way to sensory areas

32
Q

describe function of hypothalamus

A
  • control of release of hormones
  • control of centres in brainstem
    e. g.
  • blood pressure
  • rate + force of heart contractions
  • respiration
  • monitors body temp
33
Q

describe function of brainstem

A

controls vital reflex centres

  • cardiac centre
  • vasomotor centre
  • respiratory centre
34
Q

describe function of the cerebellum

A

controls subconscious skeletal muscle contractions for: smooth coordinated movement + balance

35
Q

list the 4 structures that protects the brain

A
  • bone
  • meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid
  • blood brain barrier
36
Q

list the 3 layers of the connective tissue which makes up the meninges

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
37
Q

list the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • suspension
  • cushion
  • drained to balance volume (fluid escapes into spinal sac)
38
Q

define seizure

A

episode of inappropriate electrical discharge resulting in disordered brain activity

39
Q

describe the features of myoclonic seizure

A
  • muscle spasms
  • tonic phase - tension of muscle groups
  • clonic phase - rhythmic convulsing
  • unconscious or semi
40
Q

describe the features of absence seizures

A
  • loss of awareness
  • lip smacking or eye rolling
  • short duration
  • may rejoin sentence where it left off
41
Q

describe the features of temporal lobe epilepsy

A
  • hallucinations
  • altered behaviour
  • autopilot

OCC2012 (7 decks)

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