The Social Environment

Question 1

Kurt Lewin’s (1936) ________________ proposes that “every psychological event depends on the state of the person and at the same time on the environment, although their relative importance is different in different cases.” (i.e., B = f(P, E).)

Answer 1

Field Theory.

Question 2

With regard to conflict, Lewin (1931) distinguished between 3 types of ______________________ and Miller (1944) subsequently added a fourth.

Answer 2

Intraindividual conflict.

Question 3

An ____________________ conflict occurs when we must choose between two equally positive or attractive goals; this is the easiest to resolve.

Answer 3

Approach-approach.

Question 4

An _______________________ conflict occurs when we must choose between two equally negative or unattractive goals; it is difficult to resolve and can lead to indecision, inaction, or removing oneself from the situation.

Answer 4

Avoidance-avoidance.

Question 5

An ____________________ conflict occurs when a single goal has both positive and negative qualities; as we move closer to the goal, the avoidance force becomes stronger; when we move farther away, the approach force increases.

Answer 5

Approach-avoidance.

Question 6

A _______________________ conflict occurs when we have to choose between two goals that both have positive and negative qualities. This produces vacillation between the two alternatives and is usually the most difficult conflict to resolve.

Answer 6

Double approach-avoidance.

Question 7

________________ used Field Theory to explain the behavioral consequences of unresolved tension in the field and is best known for the __________________ effect, which proposes that memory tends to be better for uncompleted tasks than for completed tasks because the former create greater psychic tension. It is most likely to occur in non-stressful situations.

Answer 7

Zeigarnik (both blanks).

Question 8

Long-term exposure to ____________________ has adverse effects on health and is associated with decreased cognitive performance and decreased sensitivity to social cues.

Answer 8

Air pollution.

Question 9

____________________ have been linked to a number of negative consequences including frustration, aggressiveness, and a tendency to make risky decisions.

Answer 9

High temperatures.

Question 10

Exposure to _______________ can cause stress and irritability, interfere with the ability to concentrate, and increase aggressiveness, especially among individual who are already angry or annoyed.

Answer 10

Noxious or excessive noise.

Question 11

________________ can adversely impact performance on complex tasks, and has been linked to physical and mental health problems, poor academic performance, juvenile delinquency, and higher mortality rates.

Answer 11

Crowding.

Question 12

Positive effects of crowding are more often seen in ____________, _____________, and similar events.

Answer 12

• Concerts
• Movies

Question 13

A perception of ______________ helps people cope better with crowded situations; also, _____________ tend to need more personal space than _____________.

Answer 13

• Control
• Men
• Women