Aggression

Question 1

According to the _____________________, aggression is the consequence of frustration, which is produced whenever the attainment of a desired goal is blocked; the purpose of the aggression is to eliminate the frustrating block. If it can’t, the aggression might be displaced onto another object.

Answer 1

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis.

Question 2

As one modification to the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis, _____________ (1971) claims that frustration creates a readiness for aggression (anger arousal), but that the expression of aggression requires both anger arousal and the presence of appropriate _________________.

Answer 2

• Berkowitz
• External (aggressive) cues

Question 3

In one study, Berkowitz and LePage (1967) found that participants who had been angered delivered higher levels of electric shock to a confederate in the presence of a ______________ than in the presence of a non-threatening object.

Answer 3

Weapon.

Question 4

Bandura’s (1983) ____________________ describes aggressive behavior as the result of ____________________.

Answer 4

• Social Learning Theory
• Observational learning

Question 5

The majority of studies on media violence confirms that viewing violence _______________ increase aggressiveness.

Answer 5

Does.

Question 6

Studies on the effects of pornography have shown that, while exposure to ______________ may reduce aggressiveness, exposure to pornography with _________________ tend to increase aggressive behaviors towards women (especially when the women are depicted as willing/enjoying), as well as increase acceptance of ______________ and the adoption of callous attitudes toward sexual violence.

Answer 6

• Mild erotica
• Violent themes
• Rape myths

Question 7

Zimbardo’s (1970) _____________________ proposes that people are more likely to act aggressively or in other antisocial ways when they believe they can act anonymously, reducing the usual inhibitory mechanisms of shame and guilt, fear of evaluation, and feelings of personal responsibility.

Answer 7

Deindividuation Model.

Question 8

According to the ______________________, an act of aggression reduces an individual’s arousal level which then decreases the likelihood that he/she will act aggressively again in the near future. However, research has found that, when people act aggressively twoard another person, this increases both negative feelings toward the person and likelihood that they will act aggressively again in the near future.

Answer 8

Catharsis hypothesis.

Question 9

While threat of retaliation typically __________ aggressiveness, when combined with provocation it ____________ aggressiveness, though this may be displaced onto someone other than the provocateur.

Answer 9

• Decreases
• Increases