Interpersonal Relationships Flashcards
________________ is considered to be an innate motive that contributes to the initiation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships.
Affiliation.
Schachter’s (1959) study on participants’ desire to have company or be alone in high/low anxiety anticipatory situations illustrated that anxiety _______________ a desire to affiliate, with people preferring to wait with others similarly anxious to them and being alone being preferable to waiting with non-anxious people. Schachter felt that this illustrated that “________________________.”
- Heightens
- “Misery loves miserable company”
According to Johnson and colleagues (1999), the degree to which a person’s CNS is ________________ by the external stimuli (including the presence of others) affects his/her desire to affiliate.
Physiologically aroused.
_________________ are people who are high in arousability and are likely to avoid affiliating with others to keep their arousal from reaching an uncomfortable level.
Introverts.
_____________________ are low in arousability and seek affiliations with others to stimulate their arousal to an optimal level.
Extroverts.
Studies on gender differences in affiliation have found that:
- ___________ ordinarily spend more time than ___________ engaged in conversation, are more likely to talk to people of the same sex, and may affiliate more than ____________ do in public places
- There is evidence that _____________ have more close friends and that ____________ friendships depend most on verbal communciation and self-disclosure, while ___________ friendships more often develop out of shared activities
- Women
- Men
- Men
- Women
- Female
- Male
________________ is a special type of affiliation and is affected by factors including competence, similarity, and reciprocity.
Attraction.
According to Byrne’s “_________________,” we are attracted to others who have similar attitudes because interacting with those individuals is more rewarding than interacting with people who have dissimilar attitudes and, consequently, is more likely to generate positive affect.
Law of Attraction.
____________________: While we generally like others who like us and dislike those who dislike us, attraction is often maximized when the person’s evaluation of us is initially negative but then becomes positive. This is more likely when the change in opinion is gradual.
Gain-loss effect.
Research investigating the physical traits that men find desirable have found that these include large breasts, narrow hips, and a waist-to-hip ratio of about ___, which signal the greatest reproductive potential.
0.7.
According to assumptions based on evolutionary theory, men are most likely to be made jealous by _______________ infidelity, while women are more likely to be provoked by ________________ infidelity. Research demonstrating similar physiological reactions to both types of infidelity between men and women have led some to conclude that gender differences in jealousy may be mediated by _______________.
- Sexual
- Emotional
- Cultural expectations
Berscheid’s (1983) ____________________________ model adddresses the events that trigger strong emotions in close relationships and proposes that there is an innate mechanism that generates emotion whenever a partner engages in behaviors that violate expectations and disrupt ongoing sequences of behaviors.
Emotion-in-relationship.
Bonus: He also predicts that positive emotions are more intense in the initial stages of the relationship, when a partner’s positive actions are still surprising.
_____________________ predicts that the decision to leave a relationship depends on the relationship’s costs and rewards - i.e., we’re likely to stay when rewards exceed costs, but leave when costs are greater than rewards.
Social exchage theory.
According to _________________, our perception of equity (fairness) in a relationship is more important than the absolute magnitude of the inputs (contributions or costs) and outcomes (rewards).
Equity theory.
