The Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language and Speech Flashcards
- An infant is able to distinguish his/her mother from a stranger.
- An infant will turn toward his/her mother and fix his/her gaze upon her mouth and eyes.
- The infant’s facial expression will be one of interest or mild surprise followed by a smile.
2 weeks
- The smile of recognition is one of the first examples of social smile.
- Infants begin to smile in response to external stimuli, such as the human face and eye gaze; to the human voice (especially if high-pitched); and to tickling.
3-6 weeks
- An infant engages in interactional sequences.
- When awake and in the appropriate position with an adult will gaze at the adult’s face and vocalize. In turn, the infant responds to the mother’s vocalization and movements with movement and eye contact.
1 month
- There is visual responsiveness and memory reflected in increased communication skills.
- An infant will search for his/her mother by visually tracking her voice, and will turn away from strangers.
- Certain people become associated with particular behaviors. For example, an infant’s mother becomes associated with feeding, and an infant will begin a sucking response upon seeing her.
2 months
- An infant is able to discriminate different people visually and to respond accordingly.
- Mutual gaze, or looking at each other, may be modified occasionally into gaze coupling, a turn-taking interaction.
- Mutual gaze may be important for the formation of attachment or bonding.
- Also, the infant learns the stimulus-response sequence. If he or she signals, the caregiver will respond. When an infant cries, the caregiver responds. Thus, the infant develops an expectation that he or she can change or control the environment.
3 months
- Two additional response patterns have emerged: rituals and game-playing.
- Rituals, such as feeding, provide a child with predictable patterns of behavior and speech.
- A child becomes upset if these rituals are changed or disrupted.
- Games, such as “peekaboo,” and “I’m gonna get you,” have all the aspects of communication.
3-4 months
- An infant show more deliberate imitation of movements and vocalizations.
- Facial imitation is most frequent at ___
- 5 months
- 4 to 6 months
Hand and nonspeech imitation become most frequent for behaviors previously exhibited in the child’s spontaneous behavior.
6-8 months
Brows knit or raised, mouth rounded, lips pursed.
Interest; present at birth
Eyes closed tightly, mouth square and angular
Distress; present at birth
Nose wrinkled, upper lip elevated, tongue protuded
Disgust; present at birth
Corners of mouth raised, cheeks lifted, eyes twinkle; noenatal “half smile” and early startle may be precursors.
Social smile; 4-6 weeks
Brows together and drawn downward, eyes set, mouth square.
Anger; 3-4 months
Inner corners of brows raised, mouth turns down in corners, pout.
Sadness; 3-4 months
Brows raised, eyes widened, oval-shaped mouth.
Surprised; 3-4 months
Brows level but drawn in and up, eyes widened, mouth retracted.
Fear; 5-7 weeks
It refers to the capacity to share goals with others, particularly evident when a child starts encoding messages for someone else.
Intentionality
This behavior emerges as the child becomes aware of the audience, demonstrated through actions like making eye contact, touching, and gesturing towards objects.
Intentionality
A child’s communication intentions are conveyed mainly through ____, with functions like requesting, interacting, and seeking attention being fulfilled through prelinguistic methods before transitioning to language later on.
gestures
An infant begins to responds differentially to his or her interactional partner, staying close to the caregiver, following her movements, and becoming distressed if she leaves. Even infant play with objects is influenced by maternal attending. Infants play with toys as long as their mothers look on, but when their mother turn away, infants leave their toys 50 percent of the time and attempt to retrieve the lost attention.
7 months
Infants imitate simple motor behaviors, responding to requests to wave bye-bye.
8 months
Infant responses to material verbal and nonverbal requests increase. Requests for action are answered as frequently as requests for vocalization. Infants an also follow maternal pointing and glancing.
9-11 months
Parents can consistently recognize intonational patterns that convey request, frustration, greeting, and pleasant surprise.
8-12 months
Children learned to coordinate gaze and vocalization. They also depart from turn-taking behaviors when they laugh or join in chorus. The exchange is one of reciprocal actions, intonations, and gestures.
12 months
Simple motor behaviors are shown by infants around … of age
8-10 months
What are the 3 stages of the development of Intentionality and at what age?
- Perlocutionary (0-8 months)
- Illocutionary (8-12 mos)
- Locutionary (12+)
During the second six months, a child also begins to attach meaning to symbols. Infants use two strategies to segregate speech directed at them. What are these?
- Bracketing
- Clustering
It is the use of prosodic or rhythmic cues to detect divisions between clauses and phrases. Divisions are markets by maternal pauses, pitch changes, vowel lengthening, changes in vowel rhyming, or by use of specific words. Although ____ cues are helpful for identifying clauses and phrases, they are of little aid for deciphering words.
Bracketing
It is the use of predictable units within the word to synthesize words. In order to accept this explanation, we must assume that a child has some basic unit of perception such as the syllable or phoneme. Each language permits lonely certain syllable and phoneme structures, so predictability is high within words.
Clustering
Using a combination of these strategies, an infant is able to divide caregiver speech into manageable units. Predictable, familiar words and phrases become associated with familiar contexts, helping early meaning to form in the infant’s brain.
Bracketing and Clustering
