The Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language and Speech

Question 1

• An infant is able to distinguish his/her mother from a stranger.
• An infant will turn toward his/her mother and fix his/her gaze upon her mouth and eyes.
• The infant’s facial expression will be one of interest or mild surprise followed by a smile.

Answer 1

2 weeks

Question 2

• The smile of recognition is one of the first examples of social smile.
• Infants begin to smile in response to external stimuli, such as the human face and eye gaze; to the human voice (especially if high-pitched); and to tickling.

Answer 2

3-6 weeks

Question 3

• An infant engages in interactional sequences.
• When awake and in the appropriate position with an adult will gaze at the adult’s face and vocalize. In turn, the infant responds to the mother’s vocalization and movements with movement and eye contact.

Answer 3

1 month

Question 4

• There is visual responsiveness and memory reflected in increased communication skills.
• An infant will search for his/her mother by visually tracking her voice, and will turn away from strangers.
• Certain people become associated with particular behaviors. For example, an infant’s mother becomes associated with feeding, and an infant will begin a sucking response upon seeing her.

Answer 4

2 months

Question 5

• An infant is able to discriminate different people visually and to respond accordingly.
• Mutual gaze, or looking at each other, may be modified occasionally into gaze coupling, a turn-taking interaction.
• Mutual gaze may be important for the formation of attachment or bonding.
• Also, the infant learns the stimulus-response sequence. If he or she signals, the caregiver will respond. When an infant cries, the caregiver responds. Thus, the infant develops an expectation that he or she can change or control the environment.

Answer 5

3 months

Question 6

• Two additional response patterns have emerged: rituals and game-playing.
• Rituals, such as feeding, provide a child with predictable patterns of behavior and speech.
• A child becomes upset if these rituals are changed or disrupted.
• Games, such as “peekaboo,” and “I’m gonna get you,” have all the aspects of communication.

Answer 6

3-4 months

Question 7

• An infant show more deliberate imitation of movements and vocalizations.
• Facial imitation is most frequent at ___

Answer 7

• 5 months
• 4 to 6 months

Question 8

Hand and nonspeech imitation become most frequent for behaviors previously exhibited in the child’s spontaneous behavior.

Answer 8

6-8 months

Question 9

Brows knit or raised, mouth rounded, lips pursed.

Answer 9

Interest; present at birth

Question 10

Eyes closed tightly, mouth square and angular

Answer 10

Distress; present at birth

Question 11

Nose wrinkled, upper lip elevated, tongue protuded

Answer 11

Disgust; present at birth

Question 12

Corners of mouth raised, cheeks lifted, eyes twinkle; noenatal “half smile” and early startle may be precursors.

Answer 12

Social smile; 4-6 weeks

Question 13

Brows together and drawn downward, eyes set, mouth square.

Answer 13

Anger; 3-4 months

Question 14

Inner corners of brows raised, mouth turns down in corners, pout.

Answer 14

Sadness; 3-4 months

Question 15

Brows raised, eyes widened, oval-shaped mouth.

Answer 15

Surprised; 3-4 months

Question 16

Brows level but drawn in and up, eyes widened, mouth retracted.

Answer 16

Fear; 5-7 weeks

Question 17

It refers to the capacity to share goals with others, particularly evident when a child starts encoding messages for someone else.

Answer 17

Intentionality

Question 18

This behavior emerges as the child becomes aware of the audience, demonstrated through actions like making eye contact, touching, and gesturing towards objects.

Answer 18

Intentionality

Question 19

A child’s communication intentions are conveyed mainly through ____, with functions like requesting, interacting, and seeking attention being fulfilled through prelinguistic methods before transitioning to language later on.

Answer 19

gestures

Question 20

An infant begins to responds differentially to his or her interactional partner, staying close to the caregiver, following her movements, and becoming distressed if she leaves. Even infant play with objects is influenced by maternal attending. Infants play with toys as long as their mothers look on, but when their mother turn away, infants leave their toys 50 percent of the time and attempt to retrieve the lost attention.

Answer 20

7 months

Question 21

Infants imitate simple motor behaviors, responding to requests to wave bye-bye.

Answer 21

8 months

Question 22

Infant responses to material verbal and nonverbal requests increase. Requests for action are answered as frequently as requests for vocalization. Infants an also follow maternal pointing and glancing.

Answer 22

9-11 months

Question 23

Parents can consistently recognize intonational patterns that convey request, frustration, greeting, and pleasant surprise.

Answer 23

8-12 months

Question 24

Children learned to coordinate gaze and vocalization. They also depart from turn-taking behaviors when they laugh or join in chorus. The exchange is one of reciprocal actions, intonations, and gestures.

Answer 24

12 months

Question 25

Simple motor behaviors are shown by infants around … of age

Answer 25

8-10 months

Question 26

What are the 3 stages of the development of Intentionality and at what age?

Answer 26

• Perlocutionary (0-8 months)
• Illocutionary (8-12 mos)
• Locutionary (12+)

Question 27

During the second six months, a child also begins to attach meaning to symbols. Infants use two strategies to segregate speech directed at them. What are these?

Answer 27

• Bracketing
• Clustering

Question 28

It is the use of prosodic or rhythmic cues to detect divisions between clauses and phrases. Divisions are markets by maternal pauses, pitch changes, vowel lengthening, changes in vowel rhyming, or by use of specific words. Although ____ cues are helpful for identifying clauses and phrases, they are of little aid for deciphering words.

Answer 28

Bracketing

Question 29

It is the use of predictable units within the word to synthesize words. In order to accept this explanation, we must assume that a child has some basic unit of perception such as the syllable or phoneme. Each language permits lonely certain syllable and phoneme structures, so predictability is high within words.

Answer 29

Clustering

Question 30

Using a combination of these strategies, an infant is able to divide caregiver speech into manageable units. Predictable, familiar words and phrases become associated with familiar contexts, helping early meaning to form in the infant’s brain.

Answer 30

Bracketing and Clustering