Neurological Development Flashcards
Most linguists agree that there is a what for human language?
Biological foundation
Biology alone is not sufficient to explain the process of language development. _____ plays a significant role, with _____ changes in infants being crucial for language development.
Brain maturation; physiological
When do the development of brain starts?
Within eighteen days of conception and continues for many years after birth.
What is the slowest organ to mature?
Brain
What age do the motor cortex in the frontal lobe becomes more active? This allows the child to gain more control over voluntary motor actions and reducing reflexive behaviours.
2 months
What age does the visual cortex becomes more active? It enables the child to focus on objects both near and far.
3 months
After 3 months, what happens next?
Activation of the limbic system, seat of emotion and memory.
What happens last?
The cerebral cortex where higher thinking resides is last.
What are the 4 Early Cognitive Development?
- Sensation
- Perception
- Motor Control
- Cognition
It is the ability to register sensory information.
Sensation
What is the first sense to develop in utero?
Touch
Sensation spreads to the entire body by what week of fetal development?
Week fourteen
When are pain receptors formed?
26th week
The fetus is sensitive to sounds early, startling to both sounds and movements at what week?
8th week
The inner ear is formed by what week? Fetal hearing is functional at this point.
20 weeks postconception
Fetuses can sense … and … tastes in amniotic fluid.
Sweet and noxious
This sense must also be activated in utero.
Sense of smell
Limited attending abilities affect these abilities?
Discrimination and perception abilities
At what age do infants exhibit selective attending skills?
2 months
When presented with stimulus repeatedly an infant will react less as they are used to stimulus, it is exhibited in both vision and audition (hearing). What is it called?
Habituation
It is the process of using sensory information and prior knowledge to gather and to make sense of stimuli registered by senses.
Perception
It involves the ability to discriminate differences in incoming formation, it is a portion of that. It is a process of gaining awareness of what is happening around us.
Perception
A newborn can discriminate between different s… duration and l… levels, different p…, and c…
Newborns are capable of discrimianting different p… or f…, especially in the human speech range.
sound durations; loudness levels; phonemes; consonants
pitches; frequences
In this month, infants prefer an “average” face, probably because it matches an internalized concept of a face.
2 months
In this month, infants can perceive facial differences.
3 months
In these months, infants begin to perceive their own face but they don’t understand exactly who is that vision in the mirror.
5 and 8 months
It is the muscle movement and the sensory feedback that informs the brain of the extent of that movement.
Motor control
Fetal movements become noticeable at what week? Isolated limb movement?
7th week post-conception; 9 weeks
Hand-to-face contact and body rotation are seen at what week? It is the stage where mothers feel fetal movement.
10 weeks
Newborns lack smooth and voluntary motor controls, exhibiting twitches, jerks, and random movements. These are also called as?
Reflexes
By this month infants develop oral muscle control to stop and start movement, although tactile stimulation is still needed.
2 months
At this month infants vocalize in response to speech, with greater responsiveness when caregivers interact. Vocal turn-taking produces speech-like syllabic vocalizations.
3 months
Sustained laughter emerges at what week?
16 weeks
By this month, an infant is able to imitate a few general sounds, usually vowels and tone, and pitch signals.
5 months
Most infants imitative and nonimitative vocalizations are single-syllable consonant-vowel or vowel-consonant units. These sound units are called what?
Babbling
At what month can infants pout and close lips without moving the jaw, and chewing becomes more rotary.
6 months
At what month is this, tongue control includes lateral movement?
8 months
By what months infants have neuromuscular control to elevate the tongue tip and bite soft solid foods.
11 months
This occurs when holding an object or while exploring this environment and is similar to the rhythmic pattern of hand movement in this activity. A long strings of consonant-vowel syllable repetitions or self-imitations, such as “ma-ma-ma”.
Reduplicated babbling
Between these months infants imitate the communication of others, exhibiting echolalic speech.
8 and 12 months
It is an immediate imitation of some other speakers.
Echolalia or echolalic speech
Babbling is more variegated at this month and the babbling has more of the intonation of speech.
6 months
In these month, children begin to recognize recurring patterns of sounds within specific situations.
Second half of the first year.
It involves mental activities for comprehending perceived information, encompassing acquisition, organization, storage, memory, and use of knowledge.
Cognition
A face is insufficient to hold an infant’s attention for long periods. Rather, an infant focuses on the contrast between the face and her or his internal representation of a face. What is this called?
Concept of scheme
Stimulation is coming from both the s… and the s…
Stimulus; scheme
These provide an infant with an expectation of the properties of objects, events, and people in the environment.
Schemes
Repetition of speech sounds stimulates connections in the … over time, helping a child construct auditory mental maps from the phonemes they hear.
Auditory cortex
In this month, infants start to “understand” one or two single words by associating them with entities in their environment.
7 months
Between these months, children understand words based on sound, nonlinguistic and paralinguistic cues, and context.
9 - 13 months
It is important for retention and integration of input in order both to map or form a representation of the entire word connecting semantics and phonology and to retrieve that representation.
Memory
It is a process where information is placed in long-term storage and maintained by repetition.
Rehearsal
Transferal to long-term memory requires a special type of rehearsal, in which new material is integrated into the structure of information already store in long-term memory. What is it called?
Integrative rehearsal
What are the 6 Maternal techniques for infant participation?
- Phasing
- Adaptive
- Facilitative
- Elaborative
- Initiating
- Control
Monitors infant behavior to determine when to slot her behavior for most impact; must know when to intervene to attain predictable outcome.
Phasing
Exhibits behaviors that enable infant to assimilate information more rapidly; maintains infant’s attention and provides highly ordered, predictable input.
Adaptive
Structures routine and environment to ensure infant success.
Facilitative
Allows child to indicate an interest, then elaborates upon it; talks following the infant’s activities and interests closely.
Elaborative
Directs infant’s attention to objects, events, and persons; follows sequence of gaining infant’s attention, directing it, and looking back to ensure that the infant is attending.
Initiating
Tells infant what she is to do; pauses after key words that are emphasized and makes extensive use of gestures.
Control
Examples:
- Mother attains infant’s attention to an object before using it in some way.
- Mother monitors infant’s gaze and follows it for clues to infant interest
Phasing
Examples:
- Mother uses slower arm movements than with adults.
- Mother has more emphatic gestures and more exaggerated facial expressions than with adults.
- Mother’s speech is simpler and more repetitive than with adults.
Adaptive
Example:
- Mother holds toy so child can explore.
- Mother assists infant physically.
- Mother supplies needed materials for task completion.
Facilitative
Example:
- Mother demo play with object of infant’s interest.
- Mother talks about infant’s behavior as she performs (parallel talking).
Elaborative
Example:
- Mother points to direct attention.
- Mother brings object into child’s view.
Initiating
Examples:
- Mother insists that infant eat.
- Mother stresses what she wants the infant to do.
Control
