Neurological Development

Question 1

Most linguists agree that there is a what for human language?

Answer 1

Biological foundation

Question 2

Biology alone is not sufficient to explain the process of language development. _____ plays a significant role, with _____ changes in infants being crucial for language development.

Answer 2

Brain maturation; physiological

Question 3

When do the development of brain starts?

Answer 3

Within eighteen days of conception and continues for many years after birth.

Question 4

What is the slowest organ to mature?

Answer 4

Brain

Question 5

What age do the motor cortex in the frontal lobe becomes more active? This allows the child to gain more control over voluntary motor actions and reducing reflexive behaviours.

Answer 5

2 months

Question 6

What age does the visual cortex becomes more active? It enables the child to focus on objects both near and far.

Answer 6

3 months

Question 7

After 3 months, what happens next?

Answer 7

Activation of the limbic system, seat of emotion and memory.

Question 8

What happens last?

Answer 8

The cerebral cortex where higher thinking resides is last.

Question 9

What are the 4 Early Cognitive Development?

Answer 9

• Sensation
• Perception
• Motor Control
• Cognition

Question 10

It is the ability to register sensory information.

Answer 10

Sensation

Question 11

What is the first sense to develop in utero?

Answer 11

Touch

Question 12

Sensation spreads to the entire body by what week of fetal development?

Answer 12

Week fourteen

Question 13

When are pain receptors formed?

Answer 13

26th week

Question 14

The fetus is sensitive to sounds early, startling to both sounds and movements at what week?

Answer 14

8th week

Question 15

The inner ear is formed by what week? Fetal hearing is functional at this point.

Answer 15

20 weeks postconception

Question 16

Fetuses can sense … and … tastes in amniotic fluid.

Answer 16

Sweet and noxious

Question 17

This sense must also be activated in utero.

Answer 17

Sense of smell

Question 18

Limited attending abilities affect these abilities?

Answer 18

Discrimination and perception abilities

Question 19

At what age do infants exhibit selective attending skills?

Answer 19

2 months

Question 20

When presented with stimulus repeatedly an infant will react less as they are used to stimulus, it is exhibited in both vision and audition (hearing). What is it called?

Answer 20

Habituation

Question 21

It is the process of using sensory information and prior knowledge to gather and to make sense of stimuli registered by senses.

Answer 21

Perception

Question 22

It involves the ability to discriminate differences in incoming formation, it is a portion of that. It is a process of gaining awareness of what is happening around us.

Answer 22

Perception

Question 23

A newborn can discriminate between different s… duration and l… levels, different p…, and c…

Newborns are capable of discrimianting different p… or f…, especially in the human speech range.

Answer 23

sound durations; loudness levels; phonemes; consonants

pitches; frequences

Question 24

In this month, infants prefer an “average” face, probably because it matches an internalized concept of a face.

Answer 24

2 months

Question 25

In this month, infants can perceive facial differences.

Answer 25

3 months

Question 26

In these months, infants begin to perceive their own face but they don't understand exactly who is that vision in the mirror.

Answer 26

5 and 8 months

Question 27

It is the muscle movement and the sensory feedback that informs the brain of the extent of that movement.

Answer 27

Motor control

Question 28

Fetal movements become noticeable at what week? Isolated limb movement?

Answer 28

7th week post-conception; 9 weeks

Question 29

Hand-to-face contact and body rotation are seen at what week? It is the stage where mothers feel fetal movement.

Answer 29

10 weeks

Question 30

Newborns lack smooth and voluntary motor controls, exhibiting twitches, jerks, and random movements. These are also called as?

Answer 30

Reflexes

Question 31

By this month infants develop oral muscle control to stop and start movement, although tactile stimulation is still needed.

Answer 31

2 months

Question 32

At this month infants vocalize in response to speech, with greater responsiveness when caregivers interact. Vocal turn-taking produces speech-like syllabic vocalizations.

Answer 32

3 months

Question 33

Sustained laughter emerges at what week?

Answer 33

16 weeks

Question 34

By this month, an infant is able to imitate a few general sounds, usually vowels and tone, and pitch signals.

Answer 34

5 months

Question 35

Most infants imitative and nonimitative vocalizations are single-syllable consonant-vowel or vowel-consonant units. These sound units are called what?

Answer 35

Babbling

Question 36

At what month can infants pout and close lips without moving the jaw, and chewing becomes more rotary.

Answer 36

6 months

Question 37

At what month is this, tongue control includes lateral movement?

Answer 37

8 months

Question 38

By what months infants have neuromuscular control to elevate the tongue tip and bite soft solid foods.

Answer 38

11 months

Question 39

This occurs when holding an object or while exploring this environment and is similar to the rhythmic pattern of hand movement in this activity. A long strings of consonant-vowel syllable repetitions or self-imitations, such as "ma-ma-ma".

Answer 39

Reduplicated babbling

Question 40

Between these months infants imitate the communication of others, exhibiting echolalic speech.

Answer 40

8 and 12 months

Question 41

It is an immediate imitation of some other speakers.

Answer 41

Echolalia or echolalic speech

Question 42

Babbling is more variegated at this month and the babbling has more of the intonation of speech.

Answer 42

6 months

Question 43

In these month, children begin to recognize recurring patterns of sounds within specific situations.

Answer 43

Second half of the first year.

Question 44

It involves mental activities for comprehending perceived information, encompassing acquisition, organization, storage, memory, and use of knowledge.

Answer 44

Cognition

Question 45

A face is insufficient to hold an infant’s attention for long periods. Rather, an infant focuses on the contrast between the face and her or his internal representation of a face. What is this called?

Answer 45

Concept of scheme

Question 46

Stimulation is coming from both the s... and the s...

Answer 46

Stimulus; scheme

Question 47

These provide an infant with an expectation of the properties of objects, events, and people in the environment.

Answer 47

Schemes

Question 48

Repetition of speech sounds stimulates connections in the ... over time, helping a child construct auditory mental maps from the phonemes they hear.

Answer 48

Auditory cortex

Question 49

In this month, infants start to "understand" one or two single words by associating them with entities in their environment.

Answer 49

7 months

Question 50

Between these months, children understand words based on sound, nonlinguistic and paralinguistic cues, and context.

Answer 50

9 - 13 months

Question 51

It is important for retention and integration of input in order both to map or form a representation of the entire word connecting semantics and phonology and to retrieve that representation.

Answer 51

Memory

Question 52

It is a process where information is placed in long-term storage and maintained by **repetition.**

Answer 52

Rehearsal

Question 53

Transferal to long-term memory requires a special type of rehearsal, in which new material is integrated into the structure of information already store in long-term memory. What is it called?

Answer 53

Integrative rehearsal

Question 54

What are the 6 Maternal techniques for infant participation?

Answer 54

- Phasing - Adaptive - Facilitative - Elaborative - Initiating - Control

Question 55

Monitors infant behavior to determine when to slot her behavior for most impact; must know when to intervene to attain predictable outcome.

Answer 55

Phasing

Question 56

Exhibits behaviors that enable infant to assimilate information more rapidly; maintains infant's attention and provides highly ordered, predictable input.

Answer 56

Adaptive

Question 57

Structures routine and environment to ensure infant success.

Answer 57

Facilitative

Question 58

Allows child to indicate an interest, then elaborates upon it; talks following the infant's activities and interests closely.

Answer 58

Elaborative

Question 59

Directs infant's attention to objects, events, and persons; follows sequence of gaining infant's attention, directing it, and looking back to ensure that the infant is attending.

Answer 59

Initiating

Question 60

Tells infant what she is to do; pauses after key words that are emphasized and makes extensive use of gestures.

Answer 60

Control

Question 61

Examples: - Mother attains infant's attention to an object before using it in some way. - Mother monitors infant's gaze and follows it for clues to infant interest

Answer 61

Phasing

Question 62

Examples: - Mother uses slower arm movements **than** with adults. - Mother has more emphatic gestures and more exaggerated facial expressions than with adults. - Mother's speech is simpler and more repetitive than with adults.

Answer 62

Adaptive

Question 63

Example: - Mother **holds** toy so child can explore. - Mother **assists** infant physically. - Mother **supplies** needed materials for task completion.

Answer 63

Facilitative

Question 64

Example: - Mother **demo** play with object of infant's interest. - Mother talks about infant's behavior as she performs **(parallel talking).**

Answer 64

Elaborative

Question 65

Example: - Mother points to direct attention. - Mother brings object into child's view.

Answer 65

Initiating

Question 66

Examples: - Mother insists that infant eat. - Mother stresses what she wants the infant to do.

Answer 66

Control