The skull, meninges, and ventricular system Flashcards
What comprises the skull?
Cranium + mandible
What comprises the cranium?
Neurocranium + viscerocranium
What comprises the neurocranium?
Calvaria + skull base
What are the main bones of the skull?
Frontal
2 parietal
2 temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Mandible
What 2 changes could you see in a fontanelle and what would they indicate?
Sunken - dehydration
Bulging - hydrocephaly
At what age does the posterior fontanelle close?
2 - 3 months after birth
At what age does the anterior fontanelle close?
18 - 24 months after birth
What can be measured in an ultrasound to estimate a baby’s age and size?
Biparietal diameter
What is craniosynostosis?
Premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures
Which nerve runs through the mandible to innervate the mandibular teeth?
Inferior alveolar nerve (branch of CN Vc)
What are the 4 muscles of mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoids
Medial pterygoids
Which muscle opens the mouth?
Lateral pterygoids
An extradural haemorrhage is most likely to occur from a bleed from which artery?
Meningeal artery
A subdural haemorrhage is most likely to occur from a bleed from which vessels?
Bridging veins
A subarachnoid haemorrhage is most likely to occur from a bleed from which artery?
Cerebral artery
What are the 3 meningeal layers from superficial to deep?
Dura
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What are the 2 layers of the dura?
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
As the dura covers spinal nerves, what does it blend with / become?
Epineurium of spinal nerves
What are the 3 signs of papilloedema that can be see with an ophthalmoscope?
Raised / bulging optic disc
Blurred disc margins
Dilated blood vessels
On which area of the skull is an extradural haemorrhage most likely to occur?
Pterion
Compression of which nerves can cause occipital neuralgia?
C2 + C3 dorsal rami
Which CN innervates the dura?
CN V
How can an infection from the scalp enter the cranial cavity?
Via emissary veins
The cavernous sinus contains which artery?
Internal carotid artery
After leaving the lateral ventricles, CSF passes through what to enter the 3rd ventricle?
Interventricular foramen
After leaving the 3rd ventricle, CSF passes through what to enter the 4th ventricle?
Cerebral aqueduct
What are the 4 subarachnoid cisterns?
Quadrigeminal
Prepontine
Cerebellomedullary
Lumbar
How much CSF does the choroid plexus produce each day?
500 ml
How can hydrocephaly be treated?
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt
