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Block 3 Anatomy > Introduction to CNS anatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to CNS anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Retina
CN II

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2
Q

What are the 2 main cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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3
Q

Which type of nervous system cell is more abundant?

A

Neuroglial cells

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4
Q

What are the 4 main types of neuroglial cells found in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

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5
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Production of the myelin sheath which surround axons in the CNS

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6
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Maintain the blood-brain barrier and control the exchange of chemicals between the circulatory system and nervous tissue

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7
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Proliferate and migrate to site of injury in CNS – carry out phagocytosis

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8
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Line the ventricles and choroid plexus and produce CSF

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9
Q

What are the 2 main types of neuroglial cells found in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

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10
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Regulate nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around the neurons and ganglia

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11
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Myelination of axons in the PNS

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12
Q

Which horn of the spinal cord does sensory information enter?

A

Dorsal horn

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13
Q

Which days does the cranial neuropore and caudal neuropore close in embryonic development?

A

Cranial neuropore – day 25

Caudal neuropore – day 27

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14
Q

Which pathology can develop if the cranial neuropore does not close?

A

Anencephaly

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15
Q

Which pathology can develop if the caudal neuropore does not close?

A

Spina bifida

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16
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

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17
Q

The prosencephalon becomes which 2 secondary brain vesicles?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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18
Q

The mesencephalon becomes which secondary brain vesicle?

A

Mesencephalon

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19
Q

The rhombencephalon becomes which 2 secondary brain vesicles?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

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20
Q

The telencephalon becomes which brain structure?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

The diencephalon becomes which brain structures?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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22
Q

The mesencephalon becomes which brain structure?

A

Midbrain

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23
Q

The metencephalon becomes which brain structures?

A

Pons
Cerebellum

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24
Q

The myelencephalon becomes which brain structure?

A

Medulla

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25
Q

Which structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

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26
Q

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

A

Frontal and parietal lobe

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27
Q

Which brain structure is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus

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28
Q

Which brain structure is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Post-central gyrus

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29
Q

Which sulcus borders the temporal lobe superiorly?

A

Lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)

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30
Q

What is the main sulcus of the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine sulcus

31
Q

Which gyrus surrounds the corpus callosum?

A

Cingulate gyrus

32
Q

The left cerebral hemisphere looks after which 3 special functions?

A

Speech

Writing

Language

33
Q

The right cerebral hemisphere looks after which 2 special functions?

A

Spatial perception

Facial recognition

34
Q

The cortex (grey matter) is made up of what?

A

Cell bodies

35
Q

The white matter of the brain is made up of what?

A

Myelinated axons

36
Q

Is the corpus callosum grey or white matter?

A

White

37
Q

The white matter of the brain is organised into which 2 main structures?

A

Corona radiata + internal capsule

38
Q

Define what is meant by a nucleus in the CNS.

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies at a point of synapse that share a similar function and projection

39
Q

The internal capsule sits between which 2 structures?

A

Thalamus and basal ganglia

40
Q

Which 3 nuclei constitute the basal ganglia?

A

Putamen
Caudate
Globus pallidus

41
Q

Which nuclei combine to form the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen + globus pallidus

42
Q

Which nuclei combine to form the striatum?

A

Putamen + caudate

43
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to recognise faces

44
Q

What are the 3 types of fibres found in the brain? What is the function of each one?

A

Association fibres – connect different areas within the same hemisphere

Commissural fibres – connect corresponding areas in the two hemispheres of the brain

Projection fibres – connect cerebral cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

45
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory

46
Q

What is CN II?

A

Optic

47
Q

What is CN III?

A

Oculomotor

48
Q

What is CN IV?

A

Trochlear

49
Q

What is CN V?

A

Trigeminal

50
Q

What is CN VI?

A

Abducens

51
Q

What is CN VII?

A

Facial

52
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

53
Q

What is CN IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

54
Q

What is CN X?

A

Vagus

55
Q

What is CN XI?

A

Accessory

56
Q

What is CN XII?

A

Hypoglossal

57
Q

Which fibres are found in the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain?

A

Descending motor fibres of the corticospinal tract

58
Q

Which CN emerges from between the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain, via the interpeduncular fossa?

A

Oculomotor

59
Q

Which structures found on the posterior brainstem are responsible for visual and auditory relay?

A

Superior + inferior colliculus

60
Q

Which CN is the only one to arise from the posterior side of the brainstem?

A

Trochlear

61
Q

Which muscle and optical pathologies could result from damage to the cerebellum?

A

Ataxia + nystagmus

62
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

63
Q

Would damage to the cerebellum present with ipsilateral or contralateral symptoms?

A

Ipsilateral

64
Q

Which areas of the cerebellum might be affected by increased intracranial pressure and what could this cause?

A

Tonsils of the posterior lobe may descend through the foramen magnum and compress the medulla

65
Q

Blood supply to the brain and brainstem is from which 2 major arteries?

A

Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery

66
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers?

A

Dura
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

67
Q

What are the layers of the dura?

A

Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer

68
Q

What is located between the two layers of the dura?

A

Dural venous sinus

69
Q

What is located in the sub-arachnoid space?

A

CSF

70
Q

What is the name of the fold of the meningeal layer of dura between the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebri

71
Q

What is the name of the fold of the meningeal layer of dura between the cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Falx cerebelli

72
Q

What is the name of the fold of the meningeal layer of dura between the occipital lobe and cerebellum?

A

Tentorium cerebelli

73
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm sellae?

A

Forms a protective pocket for the pituitary gland

74
Q

What are the 6 main sinuses of the brain?

A

Superior sagittal
Inferior sagittal
Straight
Transverse
Sigmoid
Cavernous

Block 3 Anatomy (4 decks)

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