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Yr 2 - Control > The Skull > Flashcards

The Skull Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones is the skull made up of?

A

22 (some paired, some unpaired)

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2
Q

What are most of the bones of the skull connected by? What is the 1 exception to this?

A
  • Fibrous sutures (i.e. joint that is non moveable)
  • 1 exception: temporomandibular joints (one found on either side i.e. paired) –> these are synovial
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3
Q

What 2 groups can the bones of the skull be considered as?

A
  1. Those of the cranium
  2. Those of the face
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4
Q

What is the cranium?

A
  • Formed by the superior aspect of the skull
  • It encloses and protects the brain, meninges, and cerebral vasculature
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5
Q

Anatomically, what can the cranium be divided into?

A

A roof and a base

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6
Q

What is the cranial roof comprised of?

A

frontal, occipital and two parietal bones

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7
Q

What is this bone? Is it paired or unpaired?

A

Frontal bone - unpaired

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8
Q

What underlies the frontal bone?

A

The frontal lobe of the brain

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9
Q

How does the frontal bone contribute to the orbital cavity?

A

Forms the roof

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10
Q

What bone is this? Is it paired or unpaired?

A

Parietal bone - paired (one on each side with a suture in between them)

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11
Q

What suture fuses the 2 parietal bones to each other?

A

The sagittal suture

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12
Q

What is the name of this suture?

A

Coronal suture

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13
Q

What does the coronal suture fuse?

A

Fuses the frontal bone with the two parietal bones

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14
Q

What is this bone? Is it paired or unpaired?

A

Zygomatic bone (or cheek bone) - paired

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15
Q

How does the zygomatic bone contribute to the orbital cavity?

A

Forms the lateral wall

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16
Q

What is this bone? Is it paired or unpaired?

A

The maxilla - paired (suture in the middle)

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17
Q

How does the maxilla contribute to the orbital cavity?

A

Form floor

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18
Q

What else does the maxilla comprise?

A

Part of the upper jaw and hard palate

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19
Q

What is this bone? Is it paired or unpaired?

A

Lacrimal bone - paired

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20
Q

How does the lacrimal bone contribute to the orbital cavity?

A

Forms part of medial aspect

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21
Q

What is this bone found just posteriorly to the lacrimal bone? Is it paired or unpaired?

A

Ethmoid bone - unpaired

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22
Q

How does the ethmoid bone contribute to the orbital cavity?

A

Lateral walls of ethmoid form the medial walls of orbital cavity

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23
Q

How does the ethmoid bone contribute to the nasal cavity?

A

Forms the roof of the nasal cavity

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24
Q

What does the ethmoid bone articulate with inferiorly?

A

The vomer bone

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25
Q

What forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

A

The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

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26
Q

What forms the inferior part of the nasal septum?

A

The vomer

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27
Q

What bone is this? Is it paired?

A

Inferior nasal concha - paired

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28
Q

What is this bone? Is it paired or unpaired?

A

The sphenoid bone - unpaired (one, single large bone)

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29
Q

How does the sphenoid bone contribute to the orbital cavity?

A

Forms the posterior aspect

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30
Q

Shape of sphenoid bone

A
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31
Q

What bone is this? Is it unpaired or paired?

A

The mandible

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32
Q

What does the mandible hold?

A

The lower teeth

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33
Q

What is this bone? Is it paired or unpaired?

A

The temporal bone - paired

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34
Q

What does the mandible articulate with posteriorly? At what joint?

A

The temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint

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35
Q

What bones form the cranial base?

A

6 bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital, parietal and temporal.

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36
Q

What are the facial bones?

A
  1. Zygomatic (2)
  2. Lacrimal (2)
  3. Nasal (2)
  4. Inferior nasal conchae (2)
  5. Palatine (2)
  6. Maxilla (2)
  7. Vomer
  8. Mandible
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37
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

Hollow cavities found in the skull

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38
Q

What are the names of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Ethmoidal
  3. Maxillary
  4. Sphenoidal
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39
Q

How are the paranasal sinuses named?

A

According to which bone they are found in

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40
Q

Are the paranasal sinuses paired or unpaired?

A

Paired - even if they are found in a bone that is unpaired

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41
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Lighten the weight of the skull
  2. Filter and humidy air
  3. Resonate voice
  4. Drain fluid into specific meatuses in the nasal cavity
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42
Q

What are the nasal conchae? How many are there?

A

Conchae are curved shelves of bone projecting out of lateral walls of nasal cavity. There are 3; inferior, middle and superior

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43
Q

How does the inferior concha differ from the superior and middle conchae?

A
  • Inferior concha is a bone on its own (facial bone)
  • Superior and middle conchae form part of the ethmoid bone
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44
Q

What is found beneath each concha?

A

Meatuses (pathways for air to flow)

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45
Q

What meatus is found beneath the superior concha?

A

The superior meatus

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46
Q

What meatus is found beneath the middle concha?

A

The middle meatus

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47
Q

What meatus is found beneath the inferior concha?

A

The inferior meatus

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48
Q

What sinuses drain into the superior meatus?

A

The sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses

SES: sphenoidal ethmoidal superior (meatus)

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49
Q

What sinuses drain into the middle meatus?

A

The maxillary and frontal sinuses

MFM: maxillary frontal middle (meatus)

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50
Q

What drains into the inferior meatus?

A

The nasolacrimal duct

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51
Q

Function of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Drains tears from eyes to nasal cavity

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52
Q

What gland is found above the sphenoid sinus?

A

The pituitary gland

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53
Q

What bone is the pituitary gland situated in?

A

The sphenoid bone

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54
Q

What is this projection of the temporal bone called?

A

The mastoid process

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55
Q

What is this projection found just anteriorly to the mastoid process?

A

Styloid process

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56
Q

What is this canal?

A

External auditory opening / external acoustic canal

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57
Q

Function of external auditory opening?

A

Connects external ear with middle ear

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58
Q

What is the external auditory opening covered by?

A

A tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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59
Q

What is this area of the temporal bone called?

A

Zygomatic process of the temporal bone

60
Q

What does the zygomatic process connect the temporal bone with?

A

The zygomatic bone

61
Q

What muscle attaches to the zygomatic process?

A

The masseter muscles

62
Q

At what joint does the temporal bone articulate with the mandible?

A

At the temporomandibular joint of the jaw

63
Q

What forms the temporomandibular joint?

A

Fossa of the temporal bone called the mandibular fossa and the condyle of the mandible

64
Q

Temporal bone and its parts diagram

A
65
Q

What does the mandible form?

A

It forms the lower jaw and acts as a receptacle for the lower teeth.

66
Q

What does the mandible articulate with on either side?

A

with the temporal bone, forming the temporomandibular joint

67
Q

What is this part of the mandible called?

A

Mandibular condyle

68
Q

What is this part of the mandible called?

A

Coronoid process of the mandible

69
Q

What is this part of the mandible called?

A

The ramus of the mandible

70
Q

What is this part of the mandible called?

A

The angle of the mandible

71
Q

What meets at the angle of the mandible?

A

The mandible consists of a horizontal body (anteriorly) and two vertical rami (posteriorly). The body and the rami meet on each side at the angle of the mandible.

72
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The region where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join, located on the side of the skull just behind the temple

73
Q

What is this bone?

A

Occipital

74
Q

What does the occipital bone articulate with anteriorly? What suture is involved?

A

The parietal bones via the lambdoid suture

75
Q

What doe the lambdoid suture connect?

A

Fuses the occipital bone to the two parietal bones

76
Q

What are these 2 protrusions of the occipital bone?

A

Occipital condyles

77
Q

What do the occipital condyles sit on top of?

A

1st cervical vertebrae

78
Q

What is found just deep to the pterion?

A

Middle meningeal artery and its branches

79
Q

Why is the pterion clinically important?

A

Thin area of bone - fractures can injury the middle meningeal artery causing blood to accumulate between the skull and the dura mater - forming an extradural haematoma

80
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

Outermost layer of the meninges

81
Q

What are these grooves on the inside of the skull formed by?

A

The middle meningeal artery

82
Q

Branches of the middle meningeal artery and its branches diagram

A
83
Q

Xray of an extradural haematoma

A
84
Q

What can an extradural haematoma lead to?

A

can cause compression of local brain structures and a rise in intracranial pressure

85
Q

What can noticed regarding the skull of newborns?

A

Bones are not quite fused together

86
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Membranous areas (soft spots) where bones haven’t yet fused together

87
Q

What is the purpose of fontanelles?

A
  1. To allow deformation during birth through the birth canal
  2. To accomodate brain growth after birth
88
Q

Why are newborns more prone to ear infections?

A

The external auditory canal is more shallow and short

89
Q

In newborns, the temporal bone is very underdeveloped: the styloid process is well developed but the mastoid process is not. What stimulates the mastoid process to develop?

A

As newborns develop the ability to move their neck and hold it upright, these muscles that attach to the mastoid process create mechanical pressure which stimulates bone growth

E.g. sternocleidomastoid muscle

90
Q

What is a foramen?

A

an opening that allows the passage of structures from one region to another

91
Q

What is the purpose of the cranial formaina?

A

In the skull base, there are numerous foramina that transmit cranial nerves, blood vessels and other structures

92
Q

The floor of the cranial cavity is divided into 3 distinct depressions. What are these known as?

A
  1. Anterior cranial fossa
  2. Middle cranial fossa
  3. Posterior cranial fossa
93
Q

What does each cranial fossa accomodate?

A

A different part of the brain

94
Q

What does the anterior cranial fossa accomodate?

A

the anteroinferior portions of the frontal lobes of the brain

95
Q

What are these ridges called?

A

Sphenoid ridges

96
Q

What do the sphenoid ridges separate?

A

The anterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial fossa

97
Q

What fossa is found behind the sphenoid ridges?

A

The middle cranial fossa

98
Q

What does the middle cranial fossa accomodate?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Two lateral parts of the temporal lobes
99
Q

What separates the middle cranial fossa from the posterior cranial fossa?

A

The petrous part of the temporal bone

100
Q

What is the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A
  • a wedge shaped mass of bone located between the sphenoid and occipital bones
  • is the most medial part of the temporal bone
  • is the landmark dividing the middle and posterior cranial fossae from each other.
101
Q

What is this part of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous part

102
Q

Describe the inner surface of the temporal bone

A

More rough –> this is the petrous area

103
Q

What does the posterior cranial fossa accomodate?

A

Cerebellum and brainstem

104
Q

What is this called? What bone is it part of?

A

Crista galli - part of the ethmoid bone

105
Q

In which cranial fossa can the crista galli be seen as an important landmark?

A

The anterior cranial fossa

106
Q

What is the crista galli an important attachment point for?

A

The dura mater

107
Q

What is the crista galli?

A

An upward projection of ethmoid bone (remember is seen on the floor of the cranial cavity)

108
Q

What is found either side of the crista galli?

A

The cribriform plate

109
Q

What are these 2 foramina (one on either side)?

A

The optic canal

110
Q

What bone are the optic canals a part of?

A

The sphenoid bone

111
Q

What elongated foramen / fissure is being pointed to?

A

Superior orbital fissure

112
Q

What foramen is being pointed to?

A

Foramen rotundum

113
Q

What foramen is being pointed to?

A

Foramen ovale

114
Q

What foramen is being pointed to?

A

Foramen spinosum

115
Q

What acronym can be used to remember foramen rotundum, foramen ovale and foramen spinosum?

A

ROS

116
Q

What foramen is this? Found medially to ROS

A

Foramen lacerum

117
Q

Why is the foramen lacerum not a natural foramen in the living?

A

Is covered by layer of cartilage (which dissolves in cadaver)

118
Q

What foramen is this? What bone is it found in?

A

Internal auditory canal/meatus found in the petrous temporal bone

119
Q

What foramen is being pointed to?

A

Jugular foramen

120
Q

What is this large single foramen?

A

Foramen magnum

121
Q

What bone is foramen magnum found in?

A

Occipital bone

122
Q

What is this foramen called?

A

Hypoglossal canal

123
Q

What is this fossa? What sits here?

A

Pituitary fossa where the pituitary gland sits

N.B. also known as the hypophysial fossa

124
Q

What do the holes in the cribriform plate allow the passage of?

A

CN1 - olfactory nerve

125
Q

What does the optic canal allow the passage of?

A

CNII - optic nerve

126
Q

What does the superior orbital fissure allow the passage of?

A

CNIII - oculomotor nerve

CNIV - trochlear nerve

CNV1 - 1st division of trigeminal nerve - opthalmic nerve

CNVI - abducens nerve

127
Q

What does foramen rotundum allow the passage of?

A

CNV2 - 2nd branch of the trigeminal nerve –> maxillary nerve

128
Q

What does the foramen ovale allow the passage of?

A

CNV3 - 3rd branch of trigeminal nerve –> mandibular nerve

129
Q

What does foramen spinosum allow the passage of?

A

Entry into the cranial cavity of the middle meningeal artery

130
Q

What does foramen lacerum allow the passage of?

A

Nothing

131
Q

What does the internal auditory canal allow the passage of?

A
  • CNVII –> facial nerve
  • CNVIII –> vestibulocochlear nerve
132
Q

What does the jugular foramen allow the passage of?

A
  • Internal jugular vein
  • CNIX - glosopharyngeal nerve
  • CNX - vagus nerve
  • CNXI - accessory nerve
133
Q

What does the hypoglossal canal allow the passage of?

A

CNXII - hypoglossal nerve

134
Q

What does the foramen magnum allow the passage of?

A

Spinal cord

135
Q

Which part of the maxilla forms part of the hard palate?

A

The horizontal process of the maxilla

136
Q

What other bone contributes to the hard palate?

A

Palatine bones

137
Q

Where are the palatine bone situated?

A

(seen in orange) situated at rear of oral cavity

138
Q

What bone is being pointed to? (pink)

A

Vomer

139
Q

How does the vomer contribute to the nasal septum?

A

Forms posterior aspect of nasal septum

140
Q

What bone is being pointed to? (yellow)

A

Sphenoid bone

141
Q

What bony ridge of the sphenoid bone is being pointed to?

A

Medial pterygoid plate

142
Q

What bony ridge of the sphenoid bone is being pointed to?

A

Lateral pterygoid plate

143
Q

What is highlighted?

A

Mastoid process

144
Q

What is the stylomastoid foramen? Where is it found? What cranial nerve does it transmit?

A

Foramen is between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone. It is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery.

145
Q

Where is the carotid canal found? What passes through here?

A

passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the middle cranial fossa from the neck.

146
Q

Passage of hypoglossal canal photo

A

Yr 2 - Control (71 decks)

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