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Radiographic Procedures 2 > The skull > Flashcards

The skull Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the PA skull?

A

Ruggles Method

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2
Q

What is another name for PA Axial skull?

A

Caldwell Method

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3
Q

What is another name for AP Axial skull?

A

Towne Method

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4
Q

What is another name for the Submentovertical – SMV skull?

A

Schϋller Method (Basal View)

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5
Q

What is skull type determined by?

A
  1. The angle of the petrous ridges to the MSP
  2. Cephalic Index
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6
Q

What is the angle between MSP and petrous pyramids for the Mesocephalic skull?

A

47 degrees

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7
Q

What is the anglebetween MSP and petrous pyramids for the Dolichocephalic skull?

A

40 degrees

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8
Q

What is the angle between MSP and petrous pyramids for the Brachycephalic skull?

A

54 degrees

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9
Q

How do you find the cephalic index?

A

Cephalic Index = Width (parietal eminences) ÷ Length (frontal eminence to inion) X 100

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10
Q

What would a CI=75 to 80 indicate?

A

Mesocephalic skull type

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11
Q

What would a CI<75
indicate?

A

Dolichocephalic skull

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12
Q

What would a CI>80 indicate?

A

Brachycephalic skull

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13
Q

What is the widest part of the skull?

A

The Parietal eminences

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14
Q

What is the skull type?

A

Mesocephalic skull

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15
Q

Label 1-8:

A
  1. Glabella
  2. Nasion
  3. Acanthion
  4. Mental point
  5. Supraorbital groove
  6. Supercilliary ridge
  7. Interpuplillary line
  8. Angle
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16
Q

Label 1-4

A
  1. TEA
  2. Auricle
  3. Tragus
  4. Mental point
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17
Q

What is the Outer canthus?

A

The interpupillary line

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18
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. SOM
  2. Midlateral orbital margin
  3. IOM
  4. Outer canthus
  5. Inner canthus
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19
Q

What is used to asses rotation when positioning a patient’s skull?

A

The outer canthus of the eye

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20
Q

What is the point between the outer canthus and the EAM?

A

Orbital meatal line

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21
Q

What is the landmark for the top of the petrous ridges?

A

TEA

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22
Q

What is the AML?

A

Acantiomeatal line

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23
Q

What is the LML?

A

The lips-meatal line

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24
Q

What is the MML?

A

The mentomeatal line

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25
Q

What is the GML?

A

The glabellomeatal line

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26
Q

What is the OML?

A

The orbitomeatal line

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27
Q

What is the IOML/reid’s baseline?

A

The infraorbitomeatal line

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28
Q

How many degrees difference is there between the GML and OML?

A

8 degree difference

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29
Q

How many degrees difference is there between the OML and IOML?

A

7 degree difference

30
Q

Label these lines:

A

Red: OML/RBL
Green: GML
Blue: IOML

31
Q

What is the best Radiation Protection for the skull?

A

Gonadal sheilding and positioning PA

32
Q

In which direction does an asthenic patients head tilt during a lateral against the IR?

A

Tilts upwards

33
Q

In which way does a hypersthenic patients head tilt in a lateral against the IR?

A

Tilts downwards

34
Q

Where should the hair be when imaging the skull?

A

The hair should be left down and tucked behind the ear.

35
Q

What artificats are necessary to remove from the patient prior to skull imaging?

A

Remove necklace, earrings, piercings, GLASSES

36
Q

What should be seen in a lateral skull?

A
  1. Orbital plates are superimposed
  2. TM Joints (mandibular condyles) are in the same vertical plane
  3. EAMs’ are in the same vertical plane
  4. Sella Turcica is in profile
37
Q

What indicates that there is tilt in a lateral skull?

A

-Orbital plates will not be superimposed

38
Q

What indicates that there is rotation in a lateral skull?

A

-MSP is not parallel to IR or bucky
-TM joints or mandibular condyles will not be superimposed posteriorly
-EAMs’ will not be in the same vertical plane

39
Q

What are the red, orange and yellow lines indicating?

A

Red: Condyles of the mandible superimposed
Orange: Cribriform plate
Yellow: Greater wings of sphenoid

40
Q

What does the greater wing of sphenoid form?

A

Forms the anterior wall of the middle cranial fossa

41
Q

What are the positioning faults made in this image?

A

-Top of head is not flat (needs to lift the chin up)
-Tilt (orbital plates are not superimposed, and condyle is lower), vertex is tilted to the left
-Rotation (Nose is rotated towards the left)

42
Q

Which way is the patient tilted and rotated?

A

Nose is rotated to the left and vertex is tilted to the right

43
Q

What position of the skull best demonstrates the IAC’s?

A

The PA Projection – Ruggles Method

44
Q

Where must the top of the petrous ridges be in a PA ruggles method?

A

Must be at the top of the orbits

45
Q

What nerve passes through the IAC?

A

Vestibular cochlear nerve 8

46
Q

Where must the petrous ridges be in a PA ruggles?

A

Petrous ridges must fill orbits

47
Q

What position best demonstrates the superior orbital fissures?

A

PA Axial Projection – Caldwell Method

48
Q

If we did the Caldwell Method AP, what positioning changes would need to be made?

A

We would put the OML perpendicular to the bucky, and angle 15 degree cephalad

49
Q

Where will the petrous ridges be in a Caldwell method?

A

Petrous ridges in lower third of orbits

50
Q

If the CR is a 0 degrees, where will the petrous ridges be?

A

0=petrous ridges at the top of the orbits

51
Q

If the angle is a 15 degrees caudad, where will the petrous ridges be?

A

15 degree=petrous ridges at the lower 1/3

52
Q

What are the different coloured lines indicating?

A

Red: Orbits
Blue: BOS
Yellow: petrous ridges (in the lower 1/3)
Green: Superior orbital fissures

53
Q

What method is this?

A

PA axial Caldwell

54
Q

Which way is the patient rotated and tilted?

A

-Rotated nose to the left
-Tilted vertex to the right

55
Q

Critique this image for the PA axial caldwell:

A

-Vertex tilted toward the right
-Hair tie left in
-Nose is rotated towards the left
-FOV is too large
-Petrous ridges in the middle of the orbit (5 degrees caudad needed)
-Marker not flipped

56
Q

Approximetly what incorrect angle was used on this patient?

Patient is a AP (Caldwell)

A

20 degrees caudad

57
Q

Aproximetly what incorrect angle was used on this patient?

Patient is PA, caldwell

A

10 degrees caudad

58
Q

What angle is required if the IOML was perpendicular when doing the AP Axial Projection- Towne Method skull?

A

37 degrees

59
Q

What should be demonstrated within the foramen magnum in the AP Axial Projection- Towne Method skull?

A

Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes demonstrated within the foramen magnum

60
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Parietal bone
  2. Occipital bone
  3. Foramen magnum
  4. Petrous ridge
  5. Posterior clinoid process
  6. Dorsum sella
61
Q

What is being shown in red?

A

Dorsum sella

62
Q

Label 1-5 in this poorly positioned patient:

A
  1. Occipital bone
  2. Foramen magnum
  3. Petrous ridge
  4. Posterior arch of C1
  5. Mandibular condyle
63
Q

What should be seen on a Submentovertical Projection (SMV) Basal View or Schuller Method

A

-Odontoid process is demonstrated within the foramen magnum
-Equal distance between mandibular condyles and edges of skull
-Mandibular condyles anterior to petrous ridges
-Mental protuberance superimposed on frontal bone

64
Q

What method is this?

A

Submentovertical Projection (SMV) Basal View or Schuller Method

65
Q

Critique this SMV image:

A

-Mandible tilted to the left
-Mandibular condyles should be anterior to petrous ridges
-Mandible should be lifted high/extended neck

66
Q

Critique this SMV image:

A

-Needs more extension of the neck
-Nose rotated to the right
-Clipping bottom part of skull

67
Q

What does the lateral skull demonstrate?

A

The entire cranium

68
Q

What does the Towne method demonstrate?

A

The occipitobasal region of skull

69
Q

What does the Ruggles method demonstrate?

A

The frontal bone and the IACs within the orbits

70
Q

What does the Caldwell method demonstrate?

A

The frontal bone

71
Q

What does the Schuller method Basal view demonstrate?

A

The base of skull

Radiographic Procedures 2 (18 decks)

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