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Radiographic Procedures 2 > Anatomy workbook-skull > Flashcards

Anatomy workbook-skull Flashcards

1
Q

What is best demonstrated in a lateral skull view?

A

The entire crainium

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2
Q

What is best demonstrated in this image?

A

Superior orbital fissures and frontal bone

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3
Q

What is best demonstrated in this image?

A

The orbits

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4
Q

How could the radiographer modify caldwell position even more to visizalize the orbits?

A

Angle 30 degrees caudad with tight collimation

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5
Q

What is best demonstrated in this image?

A

The occipitobasal regoin of the skull

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6
Q

What changes will the radiographer make if the patient cannot get the OML perpendicular to the IR for the Townes

A

Angle 37 degrees caudad with IOML perpendicular to the IR

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7
Q

When the CR is 30 degrees caudad and the OML is perpendicular to the IR, what is visualized in the foramen magnum?

A

Dorsum sella+posterior cliniod process

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8
Q

When the CR is 37 degrees caudad and the OML is perpendicular to the IR, what is visualized in the foramen magnum?

A

The posterior arch of C1 within the foramen magnum

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9
Q

What anatomy is visualized in the petrous bones in the orbits of the ruggles view?

A

Internal auditory canal

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10
Q

What projection is this?

A

Lateral skull

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11
Q

What projection is this?

A

Caldwell-modified

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12
Q

What projection is this?

A

Townes skull

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13
Q

What are some challeges when imaging the skull on a child?

A

Movement, following instructions

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14
Q

What is best demonstrated in this view?

A

The base of the skull

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15
Q

What is best demonstrated in this view?

A

Facial fractures

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16
Q

Is this an acceptable radiograph for a facial bone study? What projection is this?

A

-No
-Townes facial bone

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17
Q

How is positioning adjusted to demonstrate the ramus?

A

True lateral

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18
Q

How is positioning adjusted to demonstrate the body of the mandible?

A

30 degrees roated toward the IR

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19
Q

How is positioning adjusted to demonstrate the symphisis menti?

A

45 degrees towards

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20
Q

How is positioning adjusted to demonstrate the general survey?

A

10-15 degrees towards the IR

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21
Q

Where will the remote TMJ be demonstrated in an open mouth view?

A

Inferior to the dependant mandible and more magnified

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22
Q

What do the axiolateral TM joints demonstrate?

A

Excursion of the mandible

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23
Q

Describe the changes in positioning from a routine Towne skull to produce this coned image of the TMJs?

A

-Angle 5 degrees more caudad
-Center an inch above the EAM
-Collimate to include the forhead and acanthion

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24
Q

What is the structure that is present in the foramen magnum on this AP axial view?

A

Posterior arch of C1

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25
Q

List the 3 skull types:

A

Mesocephalic, dolicoceohalic, brachiocephalic

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26
Q

How much would you have to rotate the MSP of the skull to align the petrous bones to be parallel to the IR for each of the skull
types?

A

Mesocephalic: 47 degrees
Brachiocephalic: 54 degrees
Dolicocephalic: 40 degrees

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27
Q

Which skull projection will place the petrous bones within the orbits?

A

Ruggles

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28
Q

Which skull projection will place the petrous bones at the infraorbital margins?

A

-20 degree caudad angle with the OML perpendicular

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29
Q

Which landmark is used to localize the TMJ?

A

Just anterior to the EAM

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30
Q

Which projection best demonstrates the size and shape of the sella turcica?

A

Lateral skull

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31
Q

Which skull projection will best demonstrate the superior orbital fissures?

A

Caldwell method-skull

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32
Q

Which sinuses are best demonstrated on the open mouth waters?

A

All sinuses and sphenoid through the open mouth

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33
Q

Which sinuses are best demonstrated on the SMV?

A

The sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses

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34
Q

Which sinuses are best demonstrated on the regular waters?

A

Maxillary

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35
Q

Which sinuses are best demonstrated on the caldwell method?

A

The frontal sinus and the anterior ethmoid sinus

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36
Q

How will the sphenoid sinuses be demonstrated in relation to the maxillary sinuses in the lateral projection?

A

They will be superior and posterior

37
Q

Why does sinus imaging need to be erect?

A

To demonstrate air fluid levels

38
Q

What is the relationship of the midsagittal plane to the plane of the IR in the parietoacanthial projection?

A

MSP perpendicular to the IR

39
Q

What is the difference in angle between the glabellomeatal line and the orbitomeatal line?

A

8 degree difference betweeen the GML and the OML

40
Q

What is the relationship of the ramus of the mandible to the plane of the IR in the Axiolateral Oblique of the mandible?

A

Parallel to the IR

41
Q

Which projection places the CR ray perpendicular to the IOML?

A

All lateral projections including the axiolaterals of the TM joints

42
Q

In the acanthioparietal projection, what is the main reference line utilized to position the patient?

A

MML to the IR

43
Q

What projection must have the IOML parallel to the IR and how does one assess that it has been accomplished?

A

-SMV projections
-When the symphyisis menti is at the same level as the frontal bone

44
Q

What structure is visualized within the foramen magnum in the skull basal view?

A

Odontiod process

45
Q

What structure should be visualized within the foramen magnum in the skull Towne method

A
  1. Posterior clinoid process
  2. Dorsum sella
46
Q

Which projection will best demonstrate a ‘blowout’ fracture?

A

Shallow/modified waters

47
Q

What is the best projection to demonstrate medial or lateral fracture displacement of the ramus of the mandible?

A

Axiolateral ramus

48
Q

In the basal view of the cranium, where are the mandibular condyles in relation to the petrous bones?

A

Anterior to the petrous bones

49
Q

In the axiolateral projection of the TMJs, what 4 radiographs are taken?

A
  1. Left open and closed
  2. Right open and closed
50
Q

A patient has come in for imaging of their sinuses, but has severe vertigo and is unable to stand unassisted. How will you perform the
images?

A

Erect, sitting

51
Q

In the tangential view of the zygomatic arches, the CR is perpendicular to the OML or IOML and the top of the head is tilted 15 degrees TOWARDS or AWAY from the affected side?

A
  1. IOML
  2. Towards
52
Q

The MML or OML is parallel to the central beam for the Water’s method.

A

MML

53
Q

REMOTE or DEPENDENT side is demonstrated in the axiolateral projection of the TMJs

A

Dependent

54
Q

Is the OML or the IOML used to position a Caldwell method for imaging of the sinuses?

A

OML(15 degrees from horizontal)

55
Q

What is the CR angle for Towne skull

A

30 degrees

56
Q

What is the CR angle for the townes mandible AP?

A

35

57
Q

What is the CR angle for the Towne TMJ

A

35 degrees

58
Q

What is the CR angle for the townes method of the z arches?

A

30 degrees

59
Q

What is the error

The tip of the mandible is visualized anterior to the frontal bone

For the skull SMV

A

Neck too extended

60
Q

What is the error

The condyles of the mandible are slightly superimposed by the petrous bones

For the skull SMV

A

Neck not extended enough

61
Q

What is the error

There is a greater amount of anatomy visualized on the right condyle to the lateral margin of the skull

For the skull SMV

A

Nose is to the left

62
Q

What is the error

The collimation only included the mandible

For the skull SMV

A

Centered too superior and not large enough feild FOV

63
Q

What is the error

The orbital plates are not superimposed

For the lateral

A

Tilt is present

64
Q

What is the error

The posterior border of the zygomatic process of the maxilla appears with bold borders

For the lateral

A

Rotation of the nose away from the IR

65
Q

What is the error

Both tips of the posterior clinoid processes are visualized

For the lateral

A

Rotation of the head

66
Q

What is the error

The body of the mandible is parallel to the floor

For the lateral

A

Chin is lifted too much

67
Q

What is the error

The petrous ridges are in the center of the orbit

For the PA Axial – Caldwell

A

Not enough caudad angle (need another 5 degree angle)

68
Q

What is the error

A greater distance on the right side from the oblique orbital line to the lateral cortices of the skull

For the PA Axial – Caldwell

A

Nose rotated to the left

69
Q

What is the error

The MSP is such that the top of the head is toward the right of the image and the chin is slightly left

For the PA Axial – Caldwell

A

Vertex tilted

70
Q

What is the error

The tip of the chin is over the dens

For the Parietoacanthial – Waters

A

Neck is over extended

71
Q

What is the error

The petrous ridge is at the level of the gonions

For the Parietoacanthial – Waters

A

Neck too extended

72
Q

What is the error

The collimation includes from the mid orbits to the dens

For the Parietoacanthial – Waters

A

Too small FOV collimation

73
Q

What is the error

The petrous bones are in the mid to lower third of the maxillary sinuses

For the Parietoacanthial – Waters

A

Neck not extended enough

74
Q

What is the error

The posterior arch of C1 is seen in the foramen magnum

For the AP Axial – Towne skull

A

Too much caudad angle

75
Q

What is the error

The dorsum sellae is seen in the foramen magnum

For the AP Axial – Towne skull

A

Correct positioning

76
Q

What is the error

The anterior clinoid processes are seen in the foramen magnum

For the AP Axial – Towne skull

A

Not enough caudad angle or head isn’t tilted down enough

77
Q

What is the error

The petrous ridges are not symmetrical

For the AP Axial – Towne skull

A

Rotation of the head

78
Q

What is the error

The top of the cranium is very dark

For the AP Axial – Towne skull

A

Windowing/filter needed

79
Q

What is the error

The angle of the mandible is superimposed on the shoulder

For the Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

A

Too much of a cephalad (if semisupine)

80
Q

What is the error

The dependent body is slightly superimposed by the remote body

For the Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

A

Not enough of a cephalad angle, or top of head tilted away from IR

81
Q

What is the error

The remote TMJ is seen slightly superior to the dependent TMJ

For the Axiolateral TMJ

A

Angled cephalad instead of caudad

82
Q

What is the error

The remote TMJ is seen slightly anterior to the dependent TMJ

For the Axiolateral TMJ

A

Nose rotated to the demonstrated side

83
Q

What is the error

The posterior arch is seen in the foramen magnum

For the Modified Towne TMJ

A

Too much flexion or caudad angle

84
Q

Label 1-9

A
  1. Outer canthus
  2. Infraorbital margin
  3. Gonion
  4. Glabella
  5. Interpupillary line
  6. Inner canthus
  7. Nasion
  8. Acanthion
  9. Mental point
85
Q

Label 1&2

A
  1. Glabellometal line
  2. Acanthiomeatal line
86
Q

Label 1-3, 6,7

A

1=Parietal bones
2=Lamboidal suture
3=Clivus
6=Occipital bone
7=Orbital cavities

87
Q

Label 10, 14-19

A

10=Coronal suture
14=Posterior clinoid process
15=Mastoid process
16=Cribiform plate
17=Occipital bone
18=Mandibular rami
19=Clivus

88
Q

Label 21-24

A

21=Dorsum sellae
22=Pterion
23=Asterion
25=Tuberculum sellae

Radiographic Procedures 2 (18 decks)

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