The Skeletal System Flashcards
What is mineral storage?
Minerals transform spongy bone matrix into a rigid structure and in turn increase density and strength.
Bones also function as a mineral storage depot, releasing dissolved calcium, phosphorus and magnesium into your bloodstream.
Give examples of mineral storage
In rugby strong bones are needed when tackling a player
What is blood cell production?
The ends of long bones and some other bones including the ribs, humerus, femur and vertebrae bones, contain red bone marrow. This is where the red blood cells that carry oxygen are produced.
Give examples of blood cell production
Red blood cells are used to transport oxygen around the body, specifically in the haemoglobin so more red blood cells means more oxygen can get to the working muscles making the cyclist more efficient
What is shape and support?
The skeleton gives the body support, enabling us to stand
The bones of the body are held together by ligaments
The skeleton provides a framework for the muscles, which are attached to the bones by tendons
Give examples of shape and support
Ice skating - when balancing during spins
Horse rider - posture when sitting up straight (vertebral column)
Gymnast - vertebral column keeps you balanced on the beam
Rower - vertebral column keeps the posture up right to prevent the boat being unsteady
What is protection?
Some of the body parts, such as the brain, are very delicate and need protection
Bones can protect body parts from impacts and injures
The cranium protects the brain
The rib cage protects the lungs
Give examples of protection
Football - when taking a header, the cranium protects the brain
Boxing - the skeleton would protect vital organs when given a body punch
What is movement?
Muscles contract when they work
Muscles are attached to bones, which are jointed. When the muscles contract, the bones move.
Gives examples of movement
Gymnast - moves quickly across the floor when performing a somersault in order to gain momentum
Rowing - the rower moves their arms and legs in co-ordination to keep the boat moving
A tennis player swings his arm to serve
A horse rider leans forward when going over a jump
What is posture?
The skeleton acts as a framework
Muscles are firmly attached to bones forming our body shape, this holds us upright
Give examples of posture
Rowing - when reaching forward the back should be straight
Gymnast - when on the rings, holding yourself up
A horse rider will lean forward over the fence to keep balanced
A figure skater will straighten her arms out when on one leg to keep balanced
What are the six of the skeletal system?
Support Posture Movement Blood cell production Mineral storage Protection
What is extension?
This is straightening or extending a limb
When extension occurs the angle at a joint is increased
Give examples of extension
The arm can be extended at the elbow
When taking a punch in boxing
What is flexion?
This is bending or flexing a limb
When flexion occurs the angle at a joint is decreased
Give examples of flexion
The leg can be flexed at the knee
Before kicking a ball in rugby
What is abduction?
This is sideways movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
This happens during the first movement of a star jump with arms and legs
Give examples of abduction
The leg can be moved away from the centre of the body at the hip
What is adduction?
The movement towards the midline of the body
Give examples of adduction
In swimming the recovery of the legs from the breaststroke leg kick involves adduction
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
What is a synovial joint?
A freely moveable joint in which the bones surfaces are covered by cartilage and connected by a fibrous connective tissue capsule lined with synovial fluid
What is rotation?
When the bone turns about its longitude axis within the joint. Rotation towards the body is called internal or medial rotation. Rotation away from the body is called external or lateral rotation
Give examples of rotation
A ballet dancer moves into first position and rotates the hip joint laterally
What is circumduction?
A combination of abduction, adduction, extension or flexion and rotation. It describes a continuous circular movement of a limb around a joint.
Give examples of circumduction
A swimmer during the front crawl arm action will take their arm out and round and back into the water, showing circumduction at the shoulder joint.
What is a hinge joint?
Hinge joints can bend to allow movement in two directions only
Give examples of hinge joints
Knee joint
Elbow joint
Ankle joint
What is the movement possible at a hinge joint?
Flexion and extension
What is a ball and socket joint?
This allows a wide range of movement and occurs when a round head of bone fits into a cup-shaped depression
Give examples of ball and socket joint
Shoulder joint
Hip joint
What is the movement possible at a ball and socket joint?
Rotation, circumduction, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
What is the function of ligaments?
The ligaments prevent movements that are extreme and help stop dislocation
What is the function of cartilage?
The cartilage reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber for the joint
What is the function of the tendons?
The tendons attach muscles to bones and help to transmit the power needed to move bones. When a muscle shortens, it pulls on the tendons; this pulls on the bones to which the tendons are attached and causes movement.
