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Biosciences A > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the skeletal system?

A
  • Bones (includes joint)
    • Cartilage: Connective tissue containing a large amount of extracellular matrix (densely packed fibers), multiple functions depending on location
    • Ligaments: Dense regular connective tissue that joins bone to bone
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2
Q

How many bones are there in the body?

A
  • At birth infants have approximately 270 bones: Many of these bones fuse by adulthood e.g. ends of long bones are separate until fusion
    Adults have 206 bones: 80 bones in the axial skeleton, 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton
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3
Q

What are Axial and Appendicular Skeletons?

A

Axial Skeleton:
- Portion of the skeleton located along the midline of the body
- These bones work with muscles and ligaments to maintain body’s upright posture
- Protects vital organs such as the brain, lungs and heart

Appendicular skeleton:
- All other bones of the skeleton
- Names such because they are appendages of the axial skeleton
- Responsible for locomotion and other movement
Protect the major organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Protects internal organs
    • Stores and releases fat
    • Produces blood cells
    • Stores and releases minerals
    • Facilitates movement
      Supports the body
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5
Q

Function: Protection

A
  • Bones protect internal organs from injury by covering or surrounding them
    • Ribs protect lungs and heart
    • Vertebral column (spine) protects the spinal cord
      Cranium (skull) protects the brain
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6
Q

Function: Storage and Release of fat

A
  • Unique connective tissue that fills the interior of most bones is referred to as bone marrow
    • There are two types of bone marrow, yellow and red
      Yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue, and triglycerides stored in the adipocytes of this tissue can be released to serve as a source of energy for other tissues of the body
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7
Q

Function: Red Blood cells

A
  • Red bone marrow is where the production of blood cells (hematopoiesis) takes place
    Red blood cells, white blood cells (attack bacteria) and platelets (prevent and stop bleeding) are all produced in the red bone marrow
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8
Q

Function: Storage and release of minerals

A
  • Bone tissue stores a number of minerals important to functioning of the body especially calcium and phosphorus which contribute to the strength of bone
    These minerals can be released back into the bloodstream to maintain critical mineral balances (homeostasis) e.g. calcium ions are essential for muscle contractions and are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses
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9
Q

Functions: Facilitates Movement

A
  • Bones facilitate movement by serving as points of attachment for your muscles
    When the muscles contract they pull on the bone to produce movement
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10
Q

Functions: Support

A
  • The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for tendons
    • Gives us our shape
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11
Q

Long Bone Structure:

A

Diaphysis, si:
- The bones shaft/body
- Long cylindrical main portion

Epiphyses, pl.
- Proximal and distal ends of the bone

Metaphyses, pl
- Region between diaphysis and epiphyses
- In growing bone, contains the epiphyseal (growth) plate

Medullary cavity:
- Marrow cavity in diaphysis

Periosteum
- Tough outer fibrous membrane covering bone
- Protects vessels and nerves that nourish bone
- Anchors muscle to bone

Endosteum:
Thin delicate membrane lining medullary cavity

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12
Q

Compact Vs. Spongey

A

Compact (cortical) bone= outer edge of bone
- Prominent composition/type in diaphysis
- Contains Osteons
- Main unit of compact bone microstructure
- Strength in uniform direction
- Dense
- Femur, Tibia
- Carries body weight

Spongey (trabecular) Bone = Internal bone latticework
- Prominent composition/ type in heads of long bone and other bone structures (flat, irregular)
- Contains trabeculae (bony struts)
- Strength in multiple directions
- Allows migration
Critical to bone maintenance

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13
Q

Bone Cells?

A
  • Osteogenic cell: Stem cell that develops into an osteoblast
    • Osteoblast: Produces organic components of bone matric (proteins, collagen) e.g. lays down new bone
    • Osteoclast: Resorbs (removes) bone
      Osteocyte: Maintains the bone matrix
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14
Q

Bone remodelling

A
  • Process of bone cells removing old bone and replacing with new bone
    • Osteoclasts remove bone at the same rate that osteoblasts form new bone
    • Balance between bone removal and bone formation = repair/maintenance
      Disruption of this balance can lead to bone pathology
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15
Q

5 types of bone classification?

A
  • Long
    • Short
    • Flat
    • Irregular
    • Sesamoid
    • Tendon = movement
    • Ligament = stability
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16
Q

Classes of Bone: Long

A
  • Cylindrical shape: Longer than they are wide
    • Diaphysis (shaft) with variable number of epiphyses (ends)
    • Diaphysis is mostly compact bone while epiphyses are mostly spongey bone with a compact covering
      Leverage for movement e.g. Humerus, Ulna, Femur, Phalanges, Metacarpals
17
Q

Classes of Bone: Short

A
  • Cube-like in shape: equal in length and width
    • Spongey bone except at the surface, where there is a thin layer of compact bone
      Stability, support and some movement e.g. carpals and tarsals
18
Q

Classes of bone: Flat

A
  • Thin, often curved
    • Composed of two almost parallel, plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongey bone
      Muscle attachment and protection of organs e.g. ribs, sternum, scapulae, cranium
19
Q

Classes of Bone: Irregular

A
  • Complex, no clear characteristic shape
    • Varied amount of compact/ spongey bone depending on location
      Protection of organs e.g. vertebrae, facial bones, pelvic (hip) bones, calcaneus
20
Q

Classes of Bone: Sesamoid

A
  • Small “sesame seed shaped’
    • Protection for tendons form wear and tear
      e.g. patellae under tendons within the palms of hands and within the soles of feet
21
Q

How do we classify joints?

A

By function e.g. the range of motion at a joint
- Immobile = no movement
- Partly mobile = little movement
- Freely mobile = wide range of movement

By structure e.g. the components and features of a joint
- Bony: Complete fusion of two bones, e.g. epiphyseal line (adult bone)
- Fibrous: Held together by dense collagen fibers e.g. cranial sutures
- Cartilaginous: Held together by cartilage e.g. intravertebral discs
Synovial: Contain a joint space held together by a joint capsule e.g. Pectoral/pelvic girdles

22
Q

Synovial Joints: Characteristics

A
  • The most common joint in the body
    • Freely mobile joint e.g. wide range of movement
    • Range varies depending on location
    • Edges of bone do not make contact but are held together by a joint capsule
    • A space joint cavity exists between the two articulating bones
    • Articulating surfaces covered in a hyaline cartilage
23
Q

Synovial Joint: Key Features

A
  • Articular cartilage on bone ends: Frictionless movement, shock absorption
    • Joint cavity: Increased mobility, contains synovial fluid
    • Synovial Membrane: Cells that produce synovial fluid into joint cavity
    • Synovial fluid: Lubrication, nutrients and waste removal of joint cavity
    • Joint capsule: Dense connective tissue encasing entire joint
      External Ligaments, tendons and vessels: Holds bones together, move bone and provide nutrients
24
Q

Synovial Joint Subtypes:

A
  • Saddle joint
    • Hinge joint
    • Pivot joint
    • Ball-and-socket joint
    • Condyloid joint
      Plane joint
25
Q

Saddle Joint:

A
  • Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped while the surface of the other bone sits in the saddle
    These joints can move within two different biaxial axes: Flexion-extension, Abduction-adduction
26
Q

Hinge Joint:

A
  • Convex articular surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone
    • These joints can move within one uniaxial axis
      Flexion extension
27
Q

Pivot Joint:

A
  • Rounded or pointed surface fits into a ring formed partly by bone and party ligament
    • These joints can move within one uniaxial axis
      Rotation
      e.g. neck, radius, ulna to rotate
28
Q

Ball and socket joint:

A
  • Ball-like articular surface fits into cuplike depression
    • These joints can move within three triaxial axes
    • Flexion-extension
    • Abduction-adduction
      Rotation
29
Q

Condyloid Joint

A
  • An oval shaped articular surface fits into an oval-shaped depression
    • These joints can move within two different biaxial axes
    • Flexion-extension
      Abduction-adduction
30
Q

Plane Joint:

A
  • Articular surface of both bones are flat or slightly curved
    Many different movements available depending on the joint
31
Q

Shoulder Joint:

A
  • Humerus and scapula
    • Shallow socket/loose capsule
    • Very mobile/ less stable
    • Easier to dislocate
32
Q

Hip Joint:

A
  • Coxal/pelvic (hip) bone and femur
    • Deep socket/tight capsule
    • Less mobile/more stable
      Harder to dislocate
33
Q

Overview of Cartilage:

A
  • Supportive connective tissue e.g. maintains shape, absorbs shock, minimizes friction
    • Avascular so nutrients and waste diffuse from/to underlying bone
      Type of cartilage is dependent on the type of connective tissue fiber that predominates
34
Q

Humeroulnar and tibiofemoral joints are what type of synovial joint?

A

Hinge Joint

35
Q

What bone is in the vertebra?

A

Irregular bone

Biosciences A (12 decks)

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