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Biosciences A > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins) Blood (connective tissue), conduction system

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2
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transports substances:
Oxygen, nutrients, hormones to tissues, c02 and waste for elimination.

Maintains homeostasis
Regulates bodily fluids, blood pH, body temperature
Protection

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3
Q

What is blood?
Components and roles?

A
  • Liquid connective tissue
    Consists of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
    • Formed elements: <1% WBCs and platelets 99.9% RBCs
      Constant turnover/formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
    • RBC lifespan approx. 120 days
      WBC lifespan approx. 20 days
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4
Q

What is hematology?

A

What blood is comprised of and how it behaves.
Erythrocytes (red)
Leukocytes (white) - fight infection, breaks down cells, cleans up debris in the body
41% is red blood cells
it transports oxygen
Designed to increase surface area to carry as much oxygen as possible
Thrombocytes - clotting process so when we puncture a vessel, we trigger and form clots to stop bleeding

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5
Q

Venous and Arterial specimens?

A

Blood travels on two circuits: Lungs to be oxygenated and oxygenated blood to supply tissues

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6
Q

What do blood vessels do and what are they 5 types?

A

Provide the transport path, serve to circulate the blood throughout the body; Arteries and arterioles (take blood away from the heart usually oxygenated). Capillaries (site of exchange). Veins and Venules take blood to the heart away from the tissues (usually deoxygenated)

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7
Q

Layers of vasculature from inside out? Function?

A

Tunica Intima: Endothelial layer, basement membrane, internal elastic lamina
Tunica media: smooth muscle external elastic lamina
Tunica externa: connective tissue
Needed to deliver oxygen, muscular layers around arteries

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8
Q

Hierarchy of blood vessels?

A

Arteries-arterioles- capillaries- venules- veins

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9
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Not arterial or venous but is where oxygen and nutrients exchange takes place. Large number of capillary beds, densely populated with blood vessels

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10
Q

What is starlings law of capillary?

A

‘push and pull law’. To move fluid across a membrane pushing will increase the pressure and osmosis will create an osmotic gradient on one side so fluid will be drawn across to maintain a constant perfusion.

Increased blood volume is increased stretch of myocardium, increased force to pump blood out

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11
Q

Heart: Location

A

Thoracic cavity and pericardial cavity, tightly packed, cardiac muscle

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12
Q

What are the layers of the heart?

A

Myocardium- cardiac muscle tissue

Parietal Pericardium - dense fibrous layer, areolar tissue, mesothelium

Endocardium - Areolar tissue, endothelium

Epicardium - Mesothelium, Areolar tissue

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13
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart? WHat do they do?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. Moves blood through these where a series of valves slam shut (a heartbeat sound is generated)

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14
Q

What is the morphology of the heart?

A

Superior vena cava: Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart, enters via the right atrium

Pulmonary trunk/ left and right pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, left and right branches, exits heart via the right ventricle

Left and right pulmonary veins: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart, enters via the left atrium

Aorta: Main artery of the body, supplies oxygenated blood to the body’s tissues, exists the heart via the left ventricle

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15
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

The heart needs oxygen and nutrients. Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle of the heart

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16
Q

What is the flow of blood through the body? (the cardiac cycle)

A

Late diastole: both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively

Atrial systole: atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into ventricles

Isovolumic ventricular contraction: first phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closes but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves

Ventricular ejection: As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation: As ventricles falls, blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps them closed

Repeats

17
Q

What are the two types of blood circulation?

A

Systemic: Distribution of oxygenated blood from the heart to the body’s tissues via systemic arteries, arterioles and capillaries, the venous return of deoxygenated blood to the heart via the systemic venules and veins

Pulmonary: the movement of deoxygenated blood from the heart through the lungs via the pulmonary arteries and capillaries. The venous return of deoxygenated blood to the heart via the pulmonary venules and veins

18
Q

Review of blood circulation?

A
  • Deoxygenated blood enters the heart via superior/inferior vena cava
    • Deoxygenated blood then travels into the right atrium then right ventricle
    • Deoxygenated blood then leaves the heart and enters pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary arteries
    • Deoxygenated blood then enters the lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation)
    • Oxygenated blood then travels back to the heart and enters via the pulmonary veins
    • Oxygenated blood then enters the left atrium and the left ventricle
    • Oxygenated blood then travels out into systemic circulation via the aorta
19
Q

What is the conduction system of the heart?

A

Automaticity - all cells can do its own thing

Cells of the sinoatrial (SA) node are auto-rhythmic, they spontaneously depolarize (give rise to an action potential). Action potentials then travel along the conduction system and spreads out to excite the working atrial and ventricular muscle cells to cause contraction. Atria and ventricles both contract. For the heart to pump and circulate, we have to have this coordinated

20
Q

Pathways and structures of the conduction system?

A

AV node- atrioventricular node
Atria are electrically insulated form ventricles
Right and left branch sending electrical impulse.
Depolarization - caused by a rapid rise in membrane potential, opening sodium channels in the cellular membrane resulting in a large influx of sodium ions
Polarization: a difference in electric potential between two surfaces or two side of one surface because of chemical activity

21
Q

The Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

Located in the right atrial wall
SA node act as a pacemaker and set the rhythm of electrical excitation that causes contraction of the heart
Each action potential from the SA node propagates throughout both the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles

22
Q

The Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

Located at the base of the right atrium. At the AV node the action potential slows, allowing both atria to empty their blood into the ventricles

23
Q

Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) and bundle branches:

A

Originates at AV node and enters the interventricular septum. Only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles. Carries action potentials from the AV node to the bundle branches.

Action potentials enter both the right and left bundle branches which extend through the interventricular septum towards the apex of the heart

24
Q

Purkinje fibers:

A

Conduct the action potential, beginning at the apex of the heart, upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium

25
Q

Cardiac output:

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute.

CO= HR x SV (Cardiac output ml/min x stroke volume ml/beat)

26
Q

What is Pre-Load and Afterload?

A

Preload: Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (end of diastolic pressure)

Afterload: Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood. Increased in hypertension, increased after workload

27
Q

What is venous pressure?

A

the vascular pressure in a vein or the atria of the heart

28
Q

Blood pressure

A

Blood pressure: the amount of pressure exerted on the vessel walls by the blood
Systolic pressure: the highest pressure within the arteries, during ventricular emptying/ contraction of the ventricles
Diastolic pressure: the lowest pressure within the arteries during ventricular filling/ventricular relaxation

Pulse pressure (PP): the gap or difference between systolic and diastolic readings

29
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

The mean value of pressure being exerted in the arteries.
MAP = 1/3 pulse pressure + Diastolic

Can be impacted by cardiac output and vascular resistance.

30
Q

Control of blood pressure and blood flow?

A

The arterial baroreflex: a negative feedback loop mechanism for short-term regulation of BP

Stimulus: Disruption of normal BP
Receptors: Pressure sensitive nerve endings (mechanoreceptors) in blood vessel walls detect change
Control Center: Brain processes information on change of BP status
Effectors: Autonomic nervous system/heart and blood vessels directed to respond
Response: BP is restored back to normal ranges

Location: Baroreceptors monitor pressure of blood flow to the brain and body

31
Q

What can a disruption in the conduction system lead to?

A

Dysthymias, heart palpitations, irregular heart beat, slow heart rate, irregular heart rate

32
Q

What structure does blood pass from right atrium to right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

33
Q

What is the correct path of electrical conduction?

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

34
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

Carotid Sinuses

35
Q

What is the pathway of conduction system?

A

Involves the: SA node, AV node, Bundle of HIS, Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers

Function: SA starts the sequence by making the atrial muscles to contract. The Signal travels to the AV node through the Bundle of HIS, down the bundle branches, and through the Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract. This signal causes an electrical current

36
Q

What influences Mean Arterial Pressure?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, resistance to blood flow in vessels

37
Q

How long does the cardiac cycle last?

A

800 milliseconds

Biosciences A (12 decks)

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