Respiratory System

Question 1

What is perfusion?

Answer 1

Perfusion is what keeps our blood flowing and is the passage of fluid through the circulatory system ( or lymphatic)

Question 2

What are the roles of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

• Contributes to homeostasis by exchanging gases
• Adjusts pH
• Oxygen is used for metabolic reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules and produce ATP, releases c02
• works with the cardiovascular system to supply 02 and eliminate c02

Question 3

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

Air modification, structures of upper respiratory tract, pulmonary ventilation, breathing, movement of air in and out of the lungs, inspiration/inhalation and expiration/ exhalation,

Question 4

What are the two parts of the respiratory tract? What are the differences?

Answer 4

Conducting airways and Respiratory zone. The conducting airways help to get air into the respiratory zone, the respiratory zone is where gas exchange takes place.

Question 5

Upper respiratory system
Parts involved:

Answer 5

Filters (nose hairs, mucous), nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, uvula, hard palate, epiglottis, glottis, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea, esophagus

Question 6

Upper Respiratory System:
Function:

Answer 6

Air goes into the mouth through the upper respiratory system, prevents food and fluid going into our lungs, catches particles and debris we don’t want in our body, needed for smell and taste,

Question 7

What is the uvula?

Answer 7

Soft palate
Dangly thing at the back of our throat

Question 8

What is the hard palate?

Answer 8

Keeps the nasal pharynx separated in two different areas (oral and nasal)

Question 9

What is the Glottis?

Answer 9

Vocal cords

Question 10

What is the Epiglottis?

Answer 10

The dividing line, which is a structure where food and fluid is directed to a gastric path rather than a respiratory way, where upper and lower airways divide. It sits in the larynx (middle)

Question 11

What is are the types of pharynx and what order are they in the throat?

Answer 11

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx

Question 12

Lower Respiratory Tract:
Function:

Answer 12

Conducts air to and from gas exchanges surfaces, creates vibrations to speak, incomplete rings around the trachea are used for support to preserve airways and prevent movement,

Question 13

Lower Respiratory system:
Anatomy:

Answer 13

Trachea, esophagus, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli of the lungs

Question 14

What parts make up the larynx?

Answer 14

Epiglottis (dividing line), hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, vocal cords, cricoid cartilage, trachea (at the end of the larynx)

Question 15

What is bifurcation?

Answer 15

Separation of the left primary and right primary bronchus, the rings still go down to prevent things from collapsing and is outside the lungs

Question 16

What is the bronchi? What parts does it include?

Answer 16

A branch of the trachea; the primary, secondary and tertiary branches.

The right bronchus leads to the right lung and the left bronchus leads to the left lung.

The right is steeper and wider so any respiratory problems from aspiration will occur here. Anything denser than air will show up white, so the lungs/bronchi should be black

Off of each primary bronchus is the secondary bronchus, and then off of the secondary there are tertiary bronchi, the bronchioles then branch off of the tertiary bronchi.

Question 17

The Bronchi:
Parts:

Answer 17

Mucosa: Respiratory epithelium
Submucosa: seromucous glands present, incomplete layer of smooth muscle

Cartilage: Islands/ plates (not continuous rings)

Adventitia: Narrow band present (connecting bronchi to surrounding tissue)

Question 18

The Bronchioles:
What are they?
What are their parts?

Answer 18

Large terminal and respiratory bronchioles.

Mucosa: Respiratory epithelium in large and terminal bronchioles but further reduction in goblet cells and cilia as you travel down. Simple cuboidal epithelium

Submucosa: disappearance of seromucous glands, complete layer of smooth muscle. No cartilage present as they are smaller airways, as an asthmatic this effects bronchioles as it is an inflammatory condition and are very reactive

Question 19

The lungs:

Answer 19

Superior portion of lung sits slightly superior to the clavicles, inferior portion lies on the diaphragm.
Left lung is slightly smaller than the right as it contains the cardiac notch (space for the heart), lobes of the lungs are divided into segments, each segment divides into lobules (each containing many alveolar sacs)

Question 20

The Lungs: Anatomy

Answer 20

Right:
Superior (upper) lobe
Inferior (lower lobe)
Midde lobe
Pulmonary vein and artery
Primary bronchus
Hilum ( groove that carries bronchi, pulmonary vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
Groove for aorta
cardiac groove
Horizontal line (horizontal fissure)
Vertical line (oblique fissure)

Left:
Superior lobe
Inferior lobe
cardiac notch
Oblique fissure
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Groove for aorta
Hilum
Primary Bronchus

Question 21

The Alveoli:

Answer 21

Arranged into bunches (sacs) made up of many individual alveoli attached to the ends of respiratory bronchioles, if alveoli collapse we can’t create pressure for gas exchange, if we hear crackles this is the alveoli opening and shutting as well as fluid in the lungs

Mucosa: simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane

No submucosa, no cartilage, no adventitia

Site of respiratory membrane (gas exchange)

Question 22

What is;
Mucosa
Submucosa
Adventitia

Answer 22

Mucosa: The soft tissue that lines the bodies canals and organs

Submucosa: The layer of tissue under the mucosa

Adventitia: Connective tissue covering an organ

Question 23

What is the surfactant and its role?

Answer 23

A detergent-like complex produced by type 2 alveolar cells, which reduces surface tension of alveoli and reduces pressure within the individual alveoli. Prevents alveolar collapse

Question 24

Respiratory lobule (lung) role in the respiratory system?

Answer 24

Site of external respiration, gas exchange between the air and blood, lobules are incased in capillary beds, once oxygenated blood in capillaries returns to the heart via pulmonary veins

Question 25

What is Boyle’s law?

Answer 25

Pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies (if temperature is constant)

Increase volume = decrease pressure
Decrease volume = increase pressure

e.g. we get a container and putting air back into the environment is decreasing volume.

e.g. higher air pressure decreases as concentration of air is thinner, so when breathing it is easy when the atmosphere is stuffing air into our body but a lot harder in a high pressure area.

Question 26

What is ventilation and its supporting structures?

Answer 26

Respiratory musculature:
- Regulates inspiration and exhalation
- Expands and contracts the thoracic cavity

Diaphragm:
- Domed shape muscle
- Lines the base of the lungs
- Contracts (pulls downwards) during inhalatio
- Relaxes (recoils upward) during exhalation

Intercostal Muscles
- located between ribs
- External intercostals: quiet and forces inhalation
Internal Intercostals - forced expiration

Question 27

What is inspiration?

Answer 27

Drawing air into lungs, diaphragm contracts (moving downward) and external intercostals contract, chest cavity expands, increases volume. Congruent with Boyle’s law as when the volume in the chest cavity increase, the pressure decreases. Alveolar pressure becomes lower than atmospheric pressure

Question 28

What is Expiration?

Answer 28

Releasing air from lungs, diaphragm relaxes and external intercostals relax, chest cavity recoils, decreases in volume. Congruent with Boyle’s law

Question 29

What is the Pleural membrane (serous membrane)

Answer 29

Double layered serous membrane lining the lungs, contains pleural fluid.
Visceral pleura (inner): attached to the lungs
Parietal pleura (outer) - attached to chest wall

Functions:
Facilitates ventilation, creates surface tension to keep alveoli open, protection between lung wall, two layers of membrane

Question 30

The Respiratory membrane: The interalveolar septum

Answer 30

Partition between adjacent alveoli
Cells;
Type 1 alveolar cells (squamous epithelial cells)
Type 2 alveolar cells (surfactant secreting)
Alveolar macrophages

Connective tissue:
Elastic fibers
capillaries

Question 31

Ventilation (V) and Perfusion (Q)

Answer 31

Ventilation of the alveoli in the lung lobules
Perfusion of blood past the alveoli to exchange oxygen in and carbon dioxide out of the blood.

If this does not work, we create a VQ mismatch and can be done by not delivering enough passengers (air). Can cause blood to not reach or receive anything or blood clot in the lung as not enough blood is getting through, asthma attack

Question 32

Respiratory control center:

Answer 32

Located in the brain stem, chemoreceptors respond to; Changes in blood concentration of oxygen, c02, pH, regulates pulmonary ventilation, allows us to breathe

Question 33

What are normal lung volumes?

Answer 33

4-6 Liters

Dead air space - 150mls

Respiratory rate - 12-20 min

Tidal volume (air moved in an out in a normal breath) - 500ml

Functional residential capacity (volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a passive exhale) - 3 liters

Amount of air can expel with maximal effort - 3L - 5L

Question 34

Which structure is located anterior to the oesophagus and carries air to the bronchi?

Answer 34

Trachea

Question 35

What is the flow of air from nose to lung?

Answer 35

Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli

Question 36

What is partial pressure?

Answer 36

The pressure each gas would exert if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature

Question 37

Whatis External Respiration?

Answer 37

External: The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood into the lungs from the heart, where it branches and eventually becomes the capillary network composed of pulmonary capillaries. These pulmonary capillaries create the respiratory membrane with the alveoli. As the blood is pumped through this capillary network, gas exchange occurs. Carbon dioxide is released in the opposite direction of oxygen, from the blood to the alveoli. External respiration occurs as a result of partial pressure differences in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

Deoxygenated blood e.g. with pulmonary capillary:
- pO2 is less than alveolar pO2
- pCO2 is grater than alveolar pCO2
- So O2 moves from the alveoli into the blood and CO2 moves out of the blood into the alveoli
Oxygenated blood with pulmonary circulation:
- pO2 is equal to alveolar pO2
- pCO2 is equal to alveolar PCO2
No movement of gases

Question 38

What is Internal Respiration?

Answer 38

Internal respiration is gas exchange that occurs at the level of body tissues/ Similar to external respiration, internal respiration also occurs as simple diffusion due to a partial pressure gradient. However, the partial pressure gradients are opposite of those present at the respiratory membrane. The partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is low, about 40 mm Hg, because oxygen is continuously used for cellular respiration. In contrast, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is about 100 mm Hg. This creates a pressure gradient that causes oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin, diffuse out of the blood, cross the interstitial space, and enter the tissue. Hemoglobin that has little oxygen bound to it loses much of its brightness, so that blood returning to the heart is more burgundy in color

Oxygenated blood within the systemic circulation:
PO2 is greater that issue pO2
- pCO2 is less that tissue pCO2
- So O2 moves out of the blood into the tissues and CO2 moves out of the tissues into the blood
Deoxygenated blood within systemic circulation:
- pO2 is equal to the alveolar pO2
- pCO2 is equal to alveolar pCO2
No movement of gasses

Question 39

What are Partial Pressures?

Answer 39

Force exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases. A gas will move from an area where its partial pressure is higher to an area where its partial pressure is lower. In addition, the greater the partial pressure difference between the two areas, the more rapid is the movement of gases

Question 40

Definitions:
Inspiration capacity
Functional residue capacity
Vital Capacity
Total lung capacity
Minute volume:

Answer 40

Inspiration capacity: maximum volume of air that can be inspired after the end of a normal quiet expiration

Functional residue capacity: Volume in lungs after a normal passive exhalation

Vital Capacity: The maximal volume of gas that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation or full breath

Total lung capacity: the total volume in lungs before a maximum effort of exhalation

Minute volume: The volume of gas inhaled and exhaled in a minute

Question 41

What is the arytenoid?

Answer 41

A pair of cartilages at the back of the larynx used to produce different kinds of voice