Introduction to Bioscience

Question 1

What are the levels of structural organization in the body?

Answer 1

Molecule: Single Unit
Cell: Building block that differentiate throughout the body
Tissue: A whole lot of similar cells that combine and are similar in design to create tissue
Organ: Assembled tissue to create a part of the body
Organ/body system: structure of a range of different organs that work in unison
Organism: Human body

Question 2

What are cells?

Answer 2

The basic structural and functional unit of an organism, smallest structure capable of performing all activities vital to life

Question 3

What are Tissues? What are the 4 types?

Answer 3

A tissue is a group of cells and their intercellular components that functions together to carry specialized activity.
Epithelial protective coating through our organ
Connective - Blood, space between tissues and different vessels, scar tissue made of collagen (all connective tissue
Muscle - Skeletal that we can see (Pecs, biceps, hamstrings), different type of muscle as well such as cardiac muscle. Smooth muscle around airways which provides constrictive force to accommodate breathing.
Nervous - Nervous tissue found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities, stimulates muscle contraction, creates awareness of environment.

Question 4

What is an organ system

Answer 4

A group of organs that work together to perform specific functions

Question 5

What is DNA?

Answer 5

Contains genetic instruction (genetic code: genes) for growth, development and reproduction

Question 6

What is RNA

Answer 6

Carries out protein synthesis as per DNA’s instructions

Question 7

Definion for: Cell

Answer 7

The basic structural and functional unit of an organism. Cells are highly diverse and its structure determines its function

Question 8

Definition for: Tissues
What are the four types and what is a defintion for them?

Answer 8

A tissue is a group of cells and their intercellular components that functions together to carry specialized activity.

Epithelial: Protective coating through our organs

Connective: Blood, space between tissues and different vessels, scar tissue made of collagen

Muscle: Skeletal that we can see (pecs, biceps, hamstrings), cardiac, smooth muscle,

Nervous: Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Responsible for controlling body activities, stimulates muscle contraction

Question 9

What are the major body cavities

Answer 9

Cranial Cavity
Thoracic Cavity: Pleural (lung), Pericardial (heart)
Abdomino-pelvic: Abdominal and Pelvic

Question 10

What is the Serous Membrane?

Answer 10

It lines the ventral body cavities (except cranial), and prevents friction between organs, and organs to the body wall, it allows organs to slide

Question 11

Directional terms:
Superior:
Inferior:
Anterior (ventral):
Posterior (dorsal):

Answer 11

Superior: Towards the head, or the upper part of the structure

Inferior: Away from the head or lower part of the structure

Anterior: Nearer to or at the front of the body

Posterior: Nearer to or at the back of the body

Question 12

Directional terms:
Medial
Lateral
Ipsilateral
Contralateral

Answer 12

Medial: Nearer to the midline

Lateral: Farther from the midline

Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body as another structure

Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Question 13

Directional terms:
Proximal
Distal
Superficial (external)
Deep (internal)

Answer 13

Proximal: Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk (nearer to the origin of the structure)

Distal: Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk (nearer to the origin of the structure)

Superficial: Towards or on the surface of the body

Deep: Away from the surface of the body

Question 14

What is a body plane?
What are the body planes?

Answer 14

Imaginary surfaces that pass through the body and organ?
Saggital: a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

Midsagittal - Vertical planes that passes through the midline of the body and divides into equal right and left sides

Parasagittal - a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sides (not through the midline)

Coronal/frontal plane: a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Transverse/horizontal plane: Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)

Oblique: Passes through the body other 90 degree angle

Question 15

What is metabolism?
What are the two phases of metabolism?
Example?

Answer 15

Breakdown from big molecule to small molecule. Make something new, build something out of elements of metabolic processes to prevent events

Catabolism: The breakdown of complex molecules into smaller molecules

Anabolism: Smaller molecules build up into complex molecules

e.g. the body catabolizes proteins in food into amino acids. These amino acids subsequently anabolize into new proteins which makes up body structures

Question 16

What are the 11 major organ systems?

Answer 16

Integumentary
Endocrine
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary/Renal
Reproductive

Question 17

What are the major functions of the Integumentary system?

Answer 17

Skin Hair Nails
Protects the body and helps regulate the body temperature
Eliminates waste (sweat, urination, traps heat and air pockets)
Helps makes vitamin D
Detects sensation such as pain, warmth and cold

Question 18

What are the major functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 18

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, spits out hormones for something to happen
Hormone-producing glands (pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid gland), hormone producing cells in several organs

Question 19

What are the major functions of the Skeletal system?

Answer 19

Supports and protects the body and organs, provides a surface area for muscle attachments, aids body movements, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores mineral and lipids (fats), bones and joints and their associated cartilage and ligaments.

Question 20

What are the major functions of the Muscular system?

Answer 20

Produces body movements, stabilizes body position, generates heat, muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue

Question 21

What are the major functions of the Lymphatic System?

Answer 21

Returns proteins fluid to blood
Carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
Includes structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing organisms

Question 22

What are the functions of the Nervous system?

Answer 22

All about communication and control, generates action potentials to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body’s internal and external environment, detects and responds to expel c02
Includes: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs, eyes and ears

Question 23

What are the functions of the Cardiovascular system?

Answer 23

Pumps blood through blood vessels, perfusion, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide away from the cells, regulates acid balance, temperature and water content, blood components defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels

Question 24

What is the function of the Digestive system?

Answer 24

Ingestion of foods and liquids, secretion of water, acid, buffers and enzymes into the lumen of GI tracts, movement of food through the GI tract, absorption of digested products from GI tract to blood and lymph, elimination of faeces,
Includes: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestine, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Question 24

What are the functions of the Respiratory system?

Answer 24

Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide to exhaled air, helps regulate acid base,
Includes: Lungs, air passageways, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes

Question 25

What is the function of the Urinary/Renal system?

Answer 25

Produces, stores and eliminates waste and regulates volume, maintains blood pressure, maintains mineral balance, filtration, regulates the production of red blood cells,
Includes: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

Question 26

What is the function of the Reproductive system?

Answer 26

Gonads produce gametes, and release hormones, associated organs transport and store gametes, gonads and associated organs (testes, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)

Question 27

What molecules store and process genetic information?

Answer 27

Nucleic acids

Question 28

What are the 6 basic life processes?

Answer 28

Metabolism, Movement, Responsiveness, Reproduction, Differentiation, Decomposition