Homeostasis

Question 1

What is movement in the body?

Answer 1

Fluid and things that move around fluid, we are 55% water, which lives in our cells (intracellular fluid), cellular space is plasma, blood (extracellular fluid)

Question 2

What is Osmosis?

Answer 2

When fluid moves to level out the concentration. It is a specific type of diffusion where water moves from a high water concentration area through a semi-permeable membrane to one with a low water concentration, active so works with the gradient not against. No energy is needed.

Question 3

What is passive transport?

Answer 3

Chemical movements across cell membranes and tissues e.g. osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration, normal diffusion

Question 4

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 4

A type of diffusion where something from a high concentration is moved somewhere with a low concentration through the assistance of a carrier. This is against the concentration gradient and requires chemical energy e.g. absorption of nutrients through the intestines and carrying them through the intestinal membrane into the bloodstream

Question 5

What is active transport?

Answer 5

Works against the gradient, low/high concentration gradient, moving from an area of lower concentration to one with high concentration, needs expenditure of energy as well as membrane proteins such as carrier proteins. Energy is required

Question 6

What is perfusion?

Answer 6

Movement of fluid through the circulatory system to an organ or tissue, need to deliver food and energy with a level of perfusion to be carried to our body to be used as energy.

Question 7

What is starlings law of the capillary push or pull?

Answer 7

He found that when pouring water through a vein, an even amount of water came out the other side, but when he poured a salty solution, less water came out. He concluded that due to osmotic forces that draw fluid out of the vessel, more fluid will be drawn across. We can make fluid move through pushing (hydrostatic force) or pull in (osmotic force)

Question 8

What is homeostasis?

Answer 8

Recognizing we need a controlled environment for everything to work and create equilibrium.

Question 9

What is renin-angiotensin-adosterone system?

Answer 9

The system of hormones, proteins, enzymes and reactions that regulate your body on a long term basis

Question 10

What is Pathophysiology?
What is Pathology?

Answer 10

Pathophysiology: Changes in body function

Pathology: changes in structure

Question 10

What are the two types of feedback mechanisms?

Answer 10

Positive: Enhancing of an effect due to response to a stimulus to restore to normal e.g. childbirth, oxytocin is released to send a stretch receptor, clotting by taking a tissue to a new place

Negative: Reduces excessive response to keep a value within normal range e.g. body temperature regulation, blood glucose

Question 10

What are the key body functions of homeostasis?

Answer 10

Organs/tissues - autonomic nervous system/ endocrine system

Respiration - c02/ acid-base balance

BP - cardiac output

Blood glucose levels - insulin/ glucagon levels

Body temperature - skin/hypothalamus

Question 11

What is temperature homeostasis?

Answer 11

Involves section of brain connection with a range of tissues. Hairs stand up to trap air and keep warm, effects sweat glands if too hot in order to go back to normal temperature

Question 12

What is respiratory homeostasis?

Answer 12

Air moving in and out to expel c02 and increase respiratory rate

Question 13

What is cardiovascular homeostasis?

Answer 13

Ability to apply a steady state of blood to create perfusion pressure e.g. issues with passing blood to brain has balance issue because barro receptors have not been able to adjust

Question 14

What is Glucose homeostasis?

Answer 14

Increased rate of glucose transport to target cells. If glucose levels go down, it needs topping up we feel hungry and faint. When really hungry and then goes away, glucagon is released as sugar from other areas of our body to release stored glycogen and create homeostasis

Question 15

How can we tell if someone has abnormal changes to their physiological function?

Answer 15

Physical signs, trouble with movement, test BP, heart rate, pulse, glucose levels,
Blood tests

Question 16

What are the common vital signs?

Answer 16

Respiratory, BP, heart rate, temperature, consciousness, pain, intervention

Question 17

What is heart rate?

Answer 17

We feel a wave of blood moving through a pipe as blood moves under the valve. It is important as it tests whether the heart is over working/under working or pumping enough blood

Question 18

What is BP?

Answer 18

When the heart contracts, we want to know the pressure in the pipe when the heart contracts, to do this we need to put in the cuff to stop blood flowing. Heart contracts and ejects blood through systolic force, and when relaxed the pressure in the pipe is diastolic. High pressure isn’t good as it causes clogging, low systolic pressure may not perfuse well and deliver c02 exchange and glucose exchange.

Normal value = 120/80

Question 19

What is Respiratory rate?

Answer 19

Oxygen in, c02 out, low during the night, high during fright.

Average is 12-16 breaths per minute

Question 20

What is Sp02?

Answer 20

Checks oxygen levels in the blood to see how concentrated the blood is with oxygen. It can be recorded by how much light can penetrate through. Oxygen travels on molecules, if we increase oxygen in the blood the higher the Sp02
Measured through an oximeter

Question 21

What do our vital signs tell us?

Answer 21

It tells us what our cells need e.g. not enough air in the lungs, not enough oxygenated blood, not enough perfusion pressure, low glucose levels

Question 22

What is Acid-Base?

Answer 22

Acid base balance is defined by the concentration of free hydrogen ions. In order to achieve homeostasis, there must be a balance between the production of hydrogen ions and the net removal of hydrogen ions from the body

Question 23

What is acid?
What is Base?

Answer 23

Acid: a substance that release hydrogen ions when in a solution e.g. hydrochloric acid when it is added to a solution it disassociates into hydrogen ions which is the acid component in chloride. When an acid is added to a solution it separates out and donates hydrogen ions

Base: A substance that can accept hydrogen ions when in a solution. Bases act to counteract the impacts of an acid to, they act like a sponge to accept neutralize hydrogen ions e.g. bicarbonate ion which is a negatively charged ion which plays a crucial role in pH buffering system

Question 24

What is the pH scale?

Answer 24

How we measure the concentration of hydrogen ions, the strength of an acid.

pH < 7 Acidic solution
pH = 7 neutral solution
pH> 7 Basic solution

Plasma pH 7.35 - 7.45

Acidosis- pH < 7.35, excess of H+
Alkalosis - pH> excess removal of H+

Below 6.8 - coma and death
above 7.8 - convulsions, muscle spasms and death

Question 25

Why is it important to keep a level pH?

Answer 25

Metabolic processes produce acid (hydrogen ions), bit can only function in a narrow pH range, so we need mechanisms within that range to function effectively. This is done through chemical buffer systems, respiratory systems and renal systems

Question 26

What is neuronal communication?

Answer 26

Use electrical signals to communicate to other neurons through;

Graded potentials: Used for short distance communication, short lived, magnitude and distance depends on the intensity of the stimulus. They all die out after their point of origin.

Action potential: Used for long distance communications, occur because neuronal membranes contain different ion channels that are present in the membrane of neurons open or close in response to stimuli

Question 27

What are membrane potentials?

Answer 27

All cells have a plasma membrane which separates the internal and external environments as well as providing electrical insulation. Membrane potential is defined as the difference in charge or voltage across the plasma membrane, difference between extracellular and intracellular environment. Resting membrane potentials are -70mV