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EBME202 > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Bones

A

Very hard tissue made of collagen and calcium salts

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2
Q

Joints

A

Places where 2 or more bones come together

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3
Q

Cartilage

A

Connective tissue, less hard and more flexible than bone

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4
Q

Ligaments

A

Fibrous cords that bind bones together at joints

  • pretty strong
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5
Q

Name the 4 types of tissue

A

Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

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6
Q

List the classes of connective tissue from hardest to softest

A

Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, blood

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7
Q

Is bone a tissue?

A

Yes, osseus tissue

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8
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage (most abundant), fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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9
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Function

A
  • precursor to bone (helps bone form)
  • helps bones move smoothly past each other
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10
Q

Fibrocartilage Function

A
  • compressible
  • help “cushion” between vertebrae
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11
Q

Tendon

A

attaches skeletal muscle to bone

  • more rigid than ligaments
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12
Q

What are the 2 types of dense connective tissues?

A

Ligaments and Tendon

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13
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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14
Q

Name the 5 main functions of bones

A
  1. Support - form the internal framework of the body (calcium salts for hardness and collagen fibers for flexibility)
  2. Protect the soft body organs
  3. Allow movement
  4. Storage (fat in bone marrow, minerals in bone matrix)
  5. Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) - occurs within bone marrow
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15
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A
  • compact and spongy
  • Compact in the middle and spongey/compact on the 2 ends of the bones
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16
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A
  • compact and spongy
  • Compact in the middle and spongey/compact on the 2 ends of the bones
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17
Q

Ossification

A

process of bone formation from hyaline cartilage precursor

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18
Q

What cells are important for bone formation and remodeling?

A

osteoblasts - bone-building cells
osteoclasts - bone-destroying cells

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19
Q

What are the 2 phases of ossifiction?

A
  1. Bone collar - osteoblasts cover the hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix
  2. Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone and the center is digested away to form the medullary cavity (in fetus)
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20
Q

What portions of cartilage aren’t converted to bone?

A
  • Articular cartilage at the end of the bone
  • Epiphyseal plates
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21
Q

How do bones grow in length?

A
  • new cartilage formed continuously on the joint side of the articular surface and at the epiphyseal plate
  • Old cartilage facing toward medullary canal at both articular surface and epiphyseal plate converted to bone
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22
Q

How do bones grow in width?

A
  • Appositional growth: osteoblasts in periosteum add bone matrix to outside of bone at same rate that osteoclasts in endosteum remove bone from inner surface of bone (medullary cavity is enlarged and bone width increases)
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23
Q

What 2 reasons do bones constantly remodel for?

A
  • Gravity and tension from muscles
  • Calcium ion level in the blood
24
Q

Def. Bone Remodeling

A

Enables bones to retain normal proportions and strength during growth and to respond to changes in muscle strength

25
Q

What if there are low blood calcium ion levels?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone released into blood
  • PTH stimulates osteoclasts
  • Osteoclasts break down bone matrix to release calcium ions into the blood
26
Q

What if there are high blood calcium ion levels?

A
  • Osteoblasts remove calcium ions from the blood and deposit it into bone matrix for storage
27
Q

What happens to osteoblasts once they’ve laid bone matrix down?

A

They reside within lacunae as osteocytes

28
Q

What are the 4 stages for healing a fracture? (Don’t have to know)

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
  3. Bony callus forms
  4. Bone remodeling occurs
29
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

The skull, thoracic cage, and vertebral column

30
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

Bone of pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb

31
Q

What are projections (processes)?

A

Protrusions out from bone surface
- some help to form joints

32
Q

What are depressions (cavities)?

A

Indentations in the bone
- places where blood vessels and nerves pass through bones

33
Q

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

A
  • Protects the heart, lungs, major blood vessels
34
Q

Sternum

A

Attaches to ribs on anterior side

35
Q

Ribs (how many, types)

A
  • 12 pairs of ribs
  • True ribs: superior 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum
  • False ribs: inferior 5 pairs that attach indirectly to sternum or not at all (floating ribs)
36
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Articulate with the ribs on posterior side

37
Q

How many vertebra in a normal spine?

A

26

38
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • Axial support from skull to pelvis
  • Intervertebral discs: pads of fibrocartilage separating ind. vertebrae for cushioning/flexibility
  • Protects the spinal cord
39
Q

How many sections are vertebral column are there? Name them and how many vertebrae are in each

A
  1. Cervical - 7
  2. Thoracic - 12
  3. Lumbar - 5
  4. Sacrum - 5 fused
  5. Coccyx - 4 fused
40
Q

Clavicle (location and function)

A
  • Attaches to sternum and scapula
  • Important for shoulder stability
  • aka collarbone
41
Q

Scapula (location and function)

A
  • Doesn’t attach to axial skeleton - held in place by trunk muscles
  • Connection of arm to trunk
42
Q

Name the upper arm bones

A

Humerus - attaches proximally to scapula
- Trochlea (attachment to ulna): spool like process on distal end
- Capitulum (attachment to radius): ball like process on distal end

43
Q

Name the forearm bones

A

Ulna (medial) - attaches proximally to humeras at trochlea
Radius (lateral) - attaches proximally to humerus at capitulum

44
Q

Name the hand bones

A

Carpals - 8 wrist bones
Metacarpals - bone in the palm (5)
Phalanges - finger bones (14 total)

45
Q

Function of Pelvis

A
  • Bearing weight of upper body
  • Protect abdominopelvic organs
46
Q

What is the pelvis composed of?

A

Sacrum, Coccyx, and two coxal bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

47
Q

Pubis Symphysis

A

Where the 2 hip bones attach together

48
Q

Acetabulum

A

deep socket that receives the head of the thigh bone (AKA hip socket)

49
Q

Bone in the Thigh

A

Femur - attaches proximally to pelvis

50
Q

Bone(s) in lower leg

A

Tibia (medial) - attaches to femur at lateral and medical condyles
Fibula (lateral) - attaches to tibia distally and proximally

51
Q

Foot Bones

A

Tarsals - 7 ankle bones
Metatarsals - bones in the sole of the foot (5 total)
Phalanges - toe bones (14 total)

52
Q

Function of Joints

A

Securely hold bones together and provide mobility to the skeleton

53
Q

Name the types of joints (3)

A
  1. Fibrous: bone ends united by collagenic fibers (ex. ends of tibia and fibula)
  2. Cartilaginous: bone ends united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage (ex. intervertebral discs)
  3. Synovial: bone ends covered w/ articular cartilage and enclose within an articular capsule lined with synovial fluid (ex. shoulder joint)
54
Q

Synovial Joints Key Features

A
  • All joints of limbs are synovial (knee, elbow, hip, shoulder)
    1. Articular cartilage - covers ends of bone-forming joint
    2. Articular capsule - joint enclosed by synovial membrane
    3. Joint cavity with synovial fluid to lubricate joint
    4. Reinforcing ligaments to support the capsule
55
Q

Name the types of synovial joints (6 total)

A
  1. Plane: sliding movement therefore no axial rotation (ex. intercarpal joints)
  2. Hinge: single-plane rotation (ex. elbow)
  3. Pivot: bone turns around its long axis (ex. radioulnar joint)
  4. Condylar: biaxial movement of 2 oval-shapes surfaces relative to one another (ex. knuckle joint)
  5. Saddle: saddle shaped surfaces that allow biaxial movement (ex. joint b/w thumb carpal and thumb metacarpal)
  6. Ball and Socket: spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another another therefore rotational (ex. shoulder and hip)

EBME202 (6 decks)

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