The Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
Bones
A
Very hard tissue made of collagen and calcium salts
2
Q
Joints
A
Places where 2 or more bones come together
3
Q
Cartilage
A
Connective tissue, less hard and more flexible than bone
4
Q
Ligaments
A
Fibrous cords that bind bones together at joints
- pretty strong
5
Q
Name the 4 types of tissue
A
Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous
6
Q
List the classes of connective tissue from hardest to softest
A
Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, loose connective tissue, blood
7
Q
Is bone a tissue?
A
Yes, osseus tissue
8
Q
Name the 3 types of cartilage
A
Hyaline cartilage (most abundant), fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
9
Q
Hyaline Cartilage Function
A
- precursor to bone (helps bone form)
- helps bones move smoothly past each other
10
Q
Fibrocartilage Function
A
- compressible
- help “cushion” between vertebrae
11
Q
Tendon
A
attaches skeletal muscle to bone
- more rigid than ligaments
12
Q
What are the 2 types of dense connective tissues?
A
Ligaments and Tendon
13
Q
How many bones are in the human body?
A
206
14
Q
Name the 5 main functions of bones
A
- Support - form the internal framework of the body (calcium salts for hardness and collagen fibers for flexibility)
- Protect the soft body organs
- Allow movement
- Storage (fat in bone marrow, minerals in bone matrix)
- Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) - occurs within bone marrow
15
Q
What are the 2 types of bone tissue?
A
- compact and spongy
- Compact in the middle and spongey/compact on the 2 ends of the bones
16
Q
What are the 2 types of bone tissue?
A
- compact and spongy
- Compact in the middle and spongey/compact on the 2 ends of the bones
17
Q
Ossification
A
process of bone formation from hyaline cartilage precursor
18
Q
What cells are important for bone formation and remodeling?
A
osteoblasts - bone-building cells
osteoclasts - bone-destroying cells
19
Q
What are the 2 phases of ossifiction?
A
- Bone collar - osteoblasts cover the hyaline cartilage model with bone matrix
- Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone and the center is digested away to form the medullary cavity (in fetus)
20
Q
What portions of cartilage aren’t converted to bone?
A
- Articular cartilage at the end of the bone
- Epiphyseal plates
21
Q
How do bones grow in length?
A
- new cartilage formed continuously on the joint side of the articular surface and at the epiphyseal plate
- Old cartilage facing toward medullary canal at both articular surface and epiphyseal plate converted to bone
22
Q
How do bones grow in width?
A
- Appositional growth: osteoblasts in periosteum add bone matrix to outside of bone at same rate that osteoclasts in endosteum remove bone from inner surface of bone (medullary cavity is enlarged and bone width increases)
23
Q
What 2 reasons do bones constantly remodel for?
A
- Gravity and tension from muscles
- Calcium ion level in the blood
24
Q
Def. Bone Remodeling
A
Enables bones to retain normal proportions and strength during growth and to respond to changes in muscle strength
25
What if there are low blood calcium ion levels?
- Parathyroid hormone released into blood
- PTH stimulates osteoclasts
- Osteoclasts break down bone matrix to release calcium ions into the blood
26
What if there are high blood calcium ion levels?
- Osteoblasts remove calcium ions from the blood and deposit it into bone matrix for storage
27
What happens to osteoblasts once they've laid bone matrix down?
They reside within lacunae as osteocytes
28
What are the 4 stages for healing a fracture? (Don't have to know)
1. Hematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilage callus forms
3. Bony callus forms
4. Bone remodeling occurs
29
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
The skull, thoracic cage, and vertebral column
30
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Bone of pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb
31
What are projections (processes)?
Protrusions out from bone surface
- some help to form joints
32
What are depressions (cavities)?
Indentations in the bone
- places where blood vessels and nerves pass through bones
33
What is the function of the thoracic cage?
- Protects the heart, lungs, major blood vessels
34
Sternum
Attaches to ribs on anterior side
35
Ribs (how many, types)
- 12 pairs of ribs
- True ribs: superior 7 pairs that attach directly to the sternum
- False ribs: inferior 5 pairs that attach indirectly to sternum or not at all (floating ribs)
36
Thoracic vertebrae
Articulate with the ribs on posterior side
37
How many vertebra in a normal spine?
26
38
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
- Axial support from skull to pelvis
- Intervertebral discs: pads of fibrocartilage separating ind. vertebrae for cushioning/flexibility
- Protects the spinal cord
39
How many sections are vertebral column are there? Name them and how many vertebrae are in each
1. Cervical - 7
2. Thoracic - 12
3. Lumbar - 5
4. Sacrum - 5 fused
5. Coccyx - 4 fused
40
Clavicle (location and function)
- Attaches to sternum and scapula
- Important for shoulder stability
- aka collarbone
41
Scapula (location and function)
- Doesn't attach to axial skeleton - held in place by trunk muscles
- Connection of arm to trunk
42
Name the upper arm bones
Humerus - attaches proximally to scapula
- Trochlea (attachment to ulna): spool like process on distal end
- Capitulum (attachment to radius): ball like process on distal end
43
Name the forearm bones
Ulna (medial) - attaches proximally to humeras at trochlea
Radius (lateral) - attaches proximally to humerus at capitulum
44
Name the hand bones
Carpals - 8 wrist bones
Metacarpals - bone in the palm (5)
Phalanges - finger bones (14 total)
45
Function of Pelvis
- Bearing weight of upper body
- Protect abdominopelvic organs
46
What is the pelvis composed of?
Sacrum, Coccyx, and two coxal bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)
47
Pubis Symphysis
Where the 2 hip bones attach together
48
Acetabulum
deep socket that receives the head of the thigh bone (AKA hip socket)
49
Bone in the Thigh
Femur - attaches proximally to pelvis
50
Bone(s) in lower leg
Tibia (medial) - attaches to femur at lateral and medical condyles
Fibula (lateral) - attaches to tibia distally and proximally
51
Foot Bones
Tarsals - 7 ankle bones
Metatarsals - bones in the sole of the foot (5 total)
Phalanges - toe bones (14 total)
52
Function of Joints
Securely hold bones together and provide mobility to the skeleton
53
Name the types of joints (3)
1. Fibrous: bone ends united by collagenic fibers (ex. ends of tibia and fibula)
2. Cartilaginous: bone ends united by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage (ex. intervertebral discs)
3. Synovial: bone ends covered w/ articular cartilage and enclose within an articular capsule lined with synovial fluid (ex. shoulder joint)
54
Synovial Joints Key Features
- All joints of limbs are synovial (knee, elbow, hip, shoulder)
1. Articular cartilage - covers ends of bone-forming joint
2. Articular capsule - joint enclosed by synovial membrane
3. Joint cavity with synovial fluid to lubricate joint
4. Reinforcing ligaments to support the capsule
55
Name the types of synovial joints (6 total)
1. Plane: sliding movement therefore no axial rotation (ex. intercarpal joints)
2. Hinge: single-plane rotation (ex. elbow)
3. Pivot: bone turns around its long axis (ex. radioulnar joint)
4. Condylar: biaxial movement of 2 oval-shapes surfaces relative to one another (ex. knuckle joint)
5. Saddle: saddle shaped surfaces that allow biaxial movement (ex. joint b/w thumb carpal and thumb metacarpal)
6. Ball and Socket: spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another another therefore rotational (ex. shoulder and hip)
