Lecture 5 and 6

Question 1

What generates potentials (in EMG and ENG)

Answer 1

Ion flow (more current means more potential)

Question 2

What relationship is force of joint to EMG? (linear, parabolic, etc)

Answer 2

Linear

Question 3

Look at Stretch Reflex and practice labeling it

Answer 3

Complete

Question 4

What does the golgi tendon organ do?

Answer 4

Transduce Muscle Force

Question 5

Practice labeling simplified stretch reflex diagram

Answer 5

Complete

Question 6

How is rostral-caudal different in the head vs body?

Answer 6

Head - front is rostral, back is caudal
Body - towards brain is rostral, towards bottom of spine is caudal

Question 7

How is dorsal-ventral different in the head vs body?

Answer 7

Head - dorsal is the top of head, ventral is bottom of the brain
Body - Ventral is anterior, dorsal is posterior

Question 8

What is in grey matter?

Answer 8

Cells

Question 9

What is in white matter?

Answer 9

Axons

Question 10

Look at slide 9 of Lecture 6 (afferent/efferent, flexor/extensor, proximal/distal, dorsal root ganglion, diff. horns)

Answer 10

Complete

Question 11

Where is the dorsal root ganglion located?

Answer 11

Outside the spinal cord

Question 12

What happens to the grey/white matter as you go down the spinal cord?

Answer 12

The total number of axons (aka white matter) decrease as you go down the spinal cord. There’s the most white matter between the thoracic and cervical area because axons go out to sensitive areas like the limbs there.

Question 13

What are central pattern generators (CPGs)?

Answer 13

• Neural circuits that generate rhythmic patterns of during behavior w/o rhythmic inputs
• Modulated by other lower inputs
• Ex: respiration, locomotion

Question 14

Cerebral Cortex main responsibility

Answer 14

• Cognition (ex. language, learning, reason)

Question 15

Thalamus main responsibility

Answer 15

• Transfer sensory info to cortex

Question 16

Cerebellum main responsibility

Answer 16

• Receives sensory input

Question 17

Name the 4 primary lobes and function

Answer 17

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal

Question 18

What are the sensory and motor homunculi. Where are they located

Answer 18

• motor: topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
• sensory: topographic representation of the body parts along the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Question 19

Look at slide 35 Lecture 6

Answer 19

Complete

Question 20

Primary motor cortex function and location

Answer 20

• located in precentral gyrus (in front of central sulcus therefore in frontal lobe)
• Low-level activation results in contraction of a small number of muscles

Question 21

Premotor cortex function and location

Answer 21

• located in front of primary motor cortex
• Somewhat higher intensity activation results in contraction of groups of muscles acting at different joints

Question 22

Supplementary motor area location and function

Answer 22

• in front of the primary cortex but behind premotor cortex
• Even higher intensity activation required; generates more complex motions, often on joints on opposite sides of body

Question 23

Name the steps of cortical motor planning (the locations where the signals would travel)

Answer 23

1. Parietal and/or prefrontal cortex
2. Premotor cortex
3. Motor Cortex
4. Distal… brain structures, spinal cord, PNS

Question 24

Cerebellum function

Answer 24

• Evaluate differences b/w intention and action
• Maintains movements and coordination
• 10% of brain, but has >50% of neurons
• 40x more axons enter than leave