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EBME202 > The Muscular System > Flashcards

The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle cell shape and appearance

A

Single, very long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with very obvious striations

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle cell shape and appearance

A

Branching chains of cells; uninucleate, striations; intercalated discs

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3
Q

Smooth muscle cell shape and appearance

A

Single, fusiform (bulge in the middle), uninucleate; no striations

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4
Q

Circular Muscle Arrangement

A

Fascicles arranged in concentric rings

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5
Q

Convergent Muscle Arrangement

A

Fascicles converge toward central insertion tendon

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6
Q

Parallel Muscle Arrangement

A

Fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
- Fusiform: type of parallel arrangement in which muscle bulges at the middle

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7
Q

Pennate Muscle Arrangement

A

“Feather” pattern - short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon

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8
Q

Def. Motor Unit

A

One neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

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9
Q

Properties of Muscle Fiber

A
  • Responsiveness: ability to receive and respond to stimulus
  • Contractility: ability to produce force and shorten
  • Extensibility: ability to stretch
  • Elasticity: ability to resume resting length after being stretched
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10
Q

Name the 5 “Golden Rules” of Skeletal Muscle Activity

A
  1. Almost all skeletal muscles cross at least one joint
  2. Bulk of skeletal muscles lies proximal to the joint crossed
  3. All skeletal muscles have at least 2 attachments: the origin and insertion
  4. Can only pull - they never push
  5. During contraction, a skeletal muscle insertion moves towards the origin
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11
Q

Origin

A

End of muscle attached to immovable or less movable bone

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12
Q

Insertion

A

End of muscle attached to the moveable bone

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13
Q

Lever

A

A simple machine consisting of a rigid beam that pivots at a fixed hinge (fulcrum)

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14
Q

Mechanical Advantage

A

The ratio of output force to the input force (Load/Effort)

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15
Q

Class I Lever

A

Fulcrum between the effort and load
- Can either amplify force or increase range of motion
- Ex: Nodding head

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16
Q

Class II Lever

A

Load between the effort and fulcrum
- Force multiplier lever
- Mech. Advantage > 1
- Ex: Raising to balls of feet

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17
Q

Class III Lever

A

Effort between the fulcrum and load
- Range of motion/speed multiplier lever
- Mech. Advantage < 1
- Ex: Bending Elbow

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18
Q

Flexion

A

Decreases the angle of the joint, brings two bones closer together, generally in the sagittal plane
Ex: Bending the knee or elbow

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19
Q

Extension

A

Increases the angle of joint, brings two bones farther apart (Opp. of flexion)
Ex: Straightening the knee or elbow

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20
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension more than 180 degrees

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21
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of bone around the longitudinal axis

Ex: Shaking head “no”

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22
Q

Abduction

A

Moving a limb away from the midline

Ex: Spreading fingers apart

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23
Q

Adduction

A

Moving a limb towards the midline (Opp. of abduction)

Ex: Bringing arms toward the body

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24
Q

Circumduction

A

Proximal end of limb is stationary while distal end moves in a circle
- common in ball and socket joints
- Ex: shoulder, hip

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25
Q

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

A

Up and down movement of the foot and ankle
- Dorsiflexion: pointing toe toward head (flex foot)
- Plantar flexion: pointing toe away from head (point foot)

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26
Q

Inversion and eversion

A

Medial/lateral movements of the foot
- Inversion: movement of sole in medial direction
- Eversion: movement of sole in lateral direction

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27
Q

Supination and pronation

A

Movements of radius around the ulna
- Supination: forearm rotation so that palm faces anteriorly
- Pronation: forearm rotation so that palm faces posteriorly

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28
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of thumb to touch tips of other fingers

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29
Q

Agonist

A

A muscle that produces a given movement
- Prime mover: muscle that has the primarily responsibility for causing a particular movement

30
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement
- Typically stretched when the agonist is contracted

31
Q

Synergist

A

Help prime movers by producing the same movement or reducing undesirable movements

32
Q

Fixator

A

Specialized synergist - Hold the origin bone of prime mover still so that all muscle force goes toward moving insertion bone

33
Q

A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces _____.

A

Flexion

34
Q

A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces _____.

A

Extension

35
Q

A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces _____.

A

Abduction

36
Q

A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces ______.

A

Adduction

37
Q

Frontalis (function)

A

Raise eyebrows, wrinkle forehead

38
Q

Orbicularis oculi (location, function)

A

Circular muscle around eye; Closes eye, squinting, blinking

39
Q

Zygomaticus (function)

A

Smiling muscle

40
Q

Masseter (function)

A

Closes jaw

41
Q

Sternocleidomastoid (location, function)

A

One on each side of the neck; Neck flexion (bowing the head)

42
Q

Intercostal muscles (location, function)

A

Between ribs; Important for respiration
- External intercostals: elevate and expand rib cage (help w/ inhalation)
- Intern intercostals: compress rib cage (help w/ exhalation)

43
Q

Rectus abdominus (location, function)

A

Flex vertebral column; most superficial abdominal muscle

44
Q

External and internal oblique (location, function)

A

External is outermost abdominal muscle, internal is right under external oblique; flex vertebral column, rotation and lateral bending of trunk

45
Q

Transverse abdominis (location, function)

A

Deepest abdominal muscle; compress abdominal contents

46
Q

Deltoid (function)

A

Abducts arm

47
Q

Pectoralis major (function)

A

Adducts and flexes humerus

48
Q

Trapezius (function)

A

Raises, retracts, and rotates the scapula

49
Q

Latissimus dorsi (function)

A

Extends and adducts humerus

50
Q

Biceps brachii (function)

A

Flexes elbow and supinates forearm

51
Q

Brachialis (function)

A

Flexes elbow

52
Q

Brachioradialis (function)

A

Flexes elbow

53
Q

Triceps brachii (function)

A

Extends elbow

54
Q

Flexor carpi radialis (function)

A

Flexes wrist and abducts hand

55
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris (function)

A

Flexes wrist and adducts hand

56
Q

Flexor digitorum superficials (function)

A

Flexes wrist and fingers

57
Q

Extensor carpi radialis (function)

A

Extends wrist and abducts hand

58
Q

Extensor digitorum (function)

A

Extends fingers

59
Q

Gluteus maximus (function)

A

Extends hip

60
Q

Gluteus medius (function)

A

Abducts thigh

61
Q

Iliopsoas (function)

A

Flexes hip

62
Q

Adductor muscles (function)

A

Adduct and medially rotate thigh

63
Q

Hamstring group (function)

A

Flex knee and extend hip

64
Q

Sartorius (function)

A

Flexes hip and knee

65
Q

Quadriceps group (function)

A

Extends knee

66
Q

Tibialis anterior (function)

A

Dorsiflexes and inverts foot

67
Q

Extensor digitorum longus (function)

A

Extends toes

68
Q

Fibularis muscles (function)

A

Plantar flex and evert foot

69
Q

Gastrocnemius (function)

A

Flexes knee, plantar flexes foot

70
Q

Soleus (function)

A

Plantar flexes foot

71
Q

Orbicularis Oris (location, function)

A

Circular muscle around lips; closes mouth, protrudes lips

EBME202 (6 decks)

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