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Psych113-Social psychology in the digital age > The self > Flashcards

The self Flashcards

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1
Q

Freud- iceberg analogy & thought (2)

A
  • Conscious thought (tip of iceberg)
  • Unconscious thought (under surface & cant actively see)
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2
Q

Freud- iceberg analogy: 3 parts of self» (3)

A

> ID= animal drives, basic instincts (4F’s: feeding, fighting, fleeing, fucking)
EGO= conscious thought; maintains balance between motivated behaviour (the 4F’s) & rational thought
Super Ego= unconscious thought, keeper of social norms

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3
Q

What is the self? & Decartes»

A

-looked at epistemology (study of how do you KNOW something)
- concluded “i think, therefore i am”

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4
Q

self-schemata=

A

who you are & what you are

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5
Q

schema=

A

organised sets of knowledge, beliefs and feelings that can guide information processing

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6
Q

self-schema includes (4)=

A
  • behaviours
  • personality traits
  • physical characteristics
  • interests
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7
Q

Aschematic=

A

ideas/ attributes unimportant to you; not within self-reference schema

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8
Q

What can effect can aschematic ideas/attributes have?

A

change the way we think about things (e.g. faster accessibility to words related to self-concepts)

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9
Q

self-schemata- study (markus, 1977)>

A
  • study desgined to measure speed of accessibility to words related to self-concepts
    -method=
  • had people rate themselves on a series of attributes (one being independence)
  • gave a text & asked to find all the words related to the concept of independence-themed words
  • findings=
    “independents” were quicker to identify with independence-themed words
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10
Q

self-reference effect= (Kihlstrom et al, 1988)

A

individuals remember info when they can relate it to themselves

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11
Q

self-schema- us vs others> (2)

A
  • we attribute more to ourselves than others
  • our attributions to self are often in conflicting terms> as we recognise ourselves as 3D characters (sande, 1990)
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12
Q

schemes are activated by?

A

priming

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13
Q

schemes activation by priming: studies (2)

A

> chronically lonely people have negative schemas (Frankel & Prentice-Dunn, 1990)
alcohol reduces self-awareness; ability to access self-referential info (steele, southwick & critchlow, 1981)

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14
Q

Observing ourselves: we generally like ourselves. What does this cause by extension? (3)

A

preference for
- similarity in names (of people), letters and numbers (related to name) (pelham, mirenberg & jones, 2002)
- nominal determinism= motivated by names (not of people)
- overvaluing things that are ours (e.g. lottery tickets)

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15
Q

observing ourselves: physiological feedback>

A

we are aware of our bodies (e.g. heart rate, sweaty palms) & associated meaning in self

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16
Q

observing ourselves: heart rate study» (6)

A

> method=
- group of men given headphones which played the sound of a heart beating
- wired up to ECG, to make think they were hearing their own heart
- showed them pictures of women, promiscuously dressed
- some men had heart slowly beating played & some had it racing
- then asked to rate attractiveness of women

> findings=
- men with racing scenario rated women a lot more attractive than those who had slow heart beat

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17
Q

self esteem=

A

a proxy for what we think others think about us

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18
Q

Spotlight effect of self-esteem

A

idea everybody is paying attention to & focused on us

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19
Q

gender differences in self esteem (3)

A
  • pre-pubescent equally feel good about self
  • once hit puberty self esteem declines (more for w than m)
  • continued trend of decreased for w against m until 60
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20
Q

age differences in self-esteem (3)

A
  • highest in youth & males 50-60
  • low at puberty
  • lowest in old age (rapid decline from 60+)
21
Q

Impact of youth self-esteem (3)

A

can have huge impact on life prospect
- employment & promotion
- e.g. only w apply for a job if fit 2/3 of criteria; m when fit 1/3 due to higher SE

22
Q

self-efficacy=

A

a person’s internalised belief in their ability to accomplish a goal

23
Q

How can self efficacy be created and strengthened?

A

through modelling & doing

24
Q

women’s self efficacy (studies) (3)

A
  • express lower levels of math self-efficacy, despite = ability to male peers (E-Q, H&L, 2010)
  • express lower levels relating to economic efficacy (L&M, 2009)
  • change mate attribute preferences based on role expectation > in study when asked to imagine life as primary provider vs stay at home role (E,E & J-S, 2009)
25
Q

Two types of self-esteem»

A

explicit
implicit

26
Q

ways to measure explicit vs implict self esteem»

A
  • explicit: self-rating scales
  • implict: behaviours
27
Q

problems with self rating scale to measure SE»

A
  • not accurate as people often lie/exaggerate/understate etc
28
Q

Implict self esteem study: photographic test (3)

A
  • 7 photos posted by person examined by participants & clinicians
  • examined against criteria (e.g. frequency of post, smiling with teeth/not, alone/not etc)
  • asked photo takers qns & asked same qns to participants/clinicians to see if correlate (e.g. do you have h/m/l confidence?; does she have h/m/l confidence?)
    -assumption high SE= more selfies
29
Q

are selfies related to high self-esteem?

A
  • assumption high SE has more selfies
  • selfies not related to SE
  • selfies related to narcissism
30
Q

Low self-esteem & depression: 2 models»

A
  • scar model= depression is a mental illness that erodes self-esteem over time (disproven)
  • vulnerability model= low self-esteem contributes to depression (proven)
31
Q

low self-esteem & self efficacy»

A
  • usually low SE> low self-efficacy so> performance (in w/ school) can decline
  • equally, performance (in w/ school) can increase SE
32
Q

high self esteem features (4)

A
  • think themselves more likeable & attractive
  • mixed results about stress responses
  • more likely to speak in group (but are more critical)
  • happier (enhanced initative and pleasant feelings)
33
Q

self-evaluation=

A

how we view ourselves as “measuring up”

34
Q

self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987), & 3 self schemas» (3+1)

A
  • Actual self
  • Ideal self
  • “ought self” (based on rules & society)
    idea, the bigger the gap between AS & IS is where unhappiness comes from
35
Q

Baumeister & self regulation theory» (4 components)

A
  • Standards= of desirable behaviour (expectations)
  • Motivation= to meet standards
  • Monitoring= of situation & thoughts that precede breaking standards
  • Willpower= internal strength to control urges
36
Q

Ego depletion=

A

idea there is a limited amount of self-control & each act has a cost, reducing will

37
Q

Self-regulation: Higgins & regulatory focus theory» 2 systems & features (4)

A
  • promotion system
    >pushed toward goal attainment
    >seek opportunities;
    > problems viewed as puzzles;
    > look for inspiration in others
  • prevention system
    >avoids unwanted things;
    >does not seek opportunities;
    >problems should be avoided;
    >negative role models
38
Q

Can ‘regulatory focus’ be changed?

A
  • can be fostered in children:
    >encouraged towards goal attainment (for promotion s) etc
    > instill fear & anxiety (of prevention s)
39
Q

social comparison theory: 3 premises»

A
  • motivated to evaluate our own cognitions
  • measure relative to others (as no objective measures)
  • compare like for like
40
Q

social comparison theory: upward vs downward comparisons

A

upward= (i wish i could afford designer clothes like her)
downward= (i’m glad i dont wear scruffy clothes like her)

41
Q

impact of upward vs downward comparisons>

A

upward: can reduce our self-regard but can also motivate
downward: can make us feel better about ourselves

42
Q

Tajfel’s social identity theory> main concept

A
  • self, based on group membership(s)
    >in-group vs out-group
43
Q

Tajfel’s social identity theory: stages» (3)

A
  • categorisation= defining your group, relationships, roles
  • social identification= adoption of the identity (norms & rules etc adopted)
  • social comparison= who you are vs others
44
Q

Gender as a self-concept: “who am i” test: w vs m (2)

A
  • men tend to construct themsevles around independence
  • women tend to construct themselves in terms of social roles & relationships
45
Q

social role theory> basic concept

A

argues differences arise from the distribution of labour (evolutionarily speaking)

46
Q

social role theory: mechanisms> (4)

A
  • hormones & associated neural structures are believed to have developed through evolutionary selection pressures
    >these become ‘activated’ to guide behaviour to fulfil social roles
  • then, social learning, reinforcement & personal adoption of gendered social roles
    -cycle repeats
47
Q

Collective vs individual: superodinate identities=

A

some identities are bigger & stronger (e.g. lanc student=pretty weak; being from Uk=pretty strong)

48
Q

collective vs individual cultures

A

-western focus on individual (rather than community/family)
-collectivist tend to compare to others more often (which can motivate self improvement)

49
Q

collective vs individual: idea of no single self> (2)

A

-4.23 selves in US (McConnel, 2011)
-immigrants hold dual identities

Psych113-Social psychology in the digital age (9 decks)

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