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Psych113-Social psychology in the digital age > Impression formation > Flashcards

Impression formation Flashcards

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1
Q

Models of forming 1st impressions: configuration model (Asch, 1946)

A
  • idea of central trait- which disproportionally influence impression (e.g. warm)
  • peripheral trait= does not imply many other characteristics (e.g. skilful)
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2
Q

Models of forming 1st impressions: configuration model (Asch, 1946)> study>

A
  • used scale for peripheral trait (e.g. generous> ungenerous)
  • asked about central trait (i.e. warm/cold) to see implications on scale
  • results: higher for generous when ‘warm’ applied
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3
Q

What can bias an impression? (6)

A
  • primacy & recency effects
  • postitivity & negativity bias
  • personal constructs & implicit personality theories
  • physical appearance
  • stereotypes
  • social judgements
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4
Q

primacy & recency effects (Asch, 1946)=

A

> observation that info presented at beginning (primacy) & end (regency) of learning, tend to be retained better

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5
Q

positivity & negativity bias

A
  • we assume the best of people (Sears, 1983)
  • but more greatly remember the negative info (fiske, 1980)
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6
Q

impression bias: Personal construct & implict personality theories (kelly, 1955)

A
  • everyone has unique philosophies about what they think people are
  • this shapes the way you engage with the world & interactions
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7
Q

impression bias: physical appearance:

A
  • evidence of primacy effecr (as one of first things you notice about a person) (park, 1986)
  • relationship between “Inner and outer” beauty (believe those who look good also are nice/kind
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8
Q

impression bias: social judgements

A
  • social rules dictate when we are allowed to make judgements (e.g. employment)
  • external judgement not always reflective of internal
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9
Q

cognitive algebra model> (3) + explanations

A

suggestion humans= computers & enact positive & negative evaluations of attributions, via either:
>summation= + up traits (e.g. intelligence (+3) + sincereness (+3))
>averaging= + up traits & divide by number of traits
>weighted average:
- impression gets worse the more get to know
- weigh certain traits as having more value than other (e.g. trustworthy>humorous in a politician)

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10
Q

social schemas & categories: top down>

A

previous knowledge drives behaviour, we do not seek new info out

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11
Q

schema= (2)

A

cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or stimulus, including attributes and the relations amoung those attributes
(e.g. ‘waiter’: knowledge of appearance, role, disposition etc all part of schema)

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12
Q

social schemas & categories: family resemblance»

A

defining property of category membership
(e.g. “dog” includes labrador & daschund, despite difference in appearance as all share FAMILY RESEMBLANCE)

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13
Q

social schemas & categories: prototypes=

A

prototypes= cognitive presentations of typical/ ideal defining features of category (e.g. bear & grizzly)

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14
Q

schema types: (5)

A
  • person: (e.g. parents or best friend)
  • role: (e.g. pilots, doctors (aka social stereotypes)
  • scripts= events
  • content-free= general set of rules for info processing
  • self= who we are
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15
Q

How fast can we “thin slice” a face? (3)

A
  • 50%-80% accurate judgement of EMOTION between 30ms-50ms (called “zero acquaintance” faces (unknown to you)
  • accurate judgements of threat in 39ms
  • no accurate judgements of intelligence
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16
Q

what do faces tell us? 3 main dimension> (3)

A
  • intentions= judgements of trustworthiness, honesty or morality
  • ability= judgements of competence, confidence, or dominance
  • attractiveness
17
Q

How are “zero acquaintance” faces made?

A
  • collection of different individuals> take photos of face, colelct blood samples, run several tests (such as IQ)
  • faces are mapped out and averaged together
18
Q

What can we see in the face?>

A
  • eyes
  • skin
  • sexual orientation
19
Q

What can we see in the face? eyes (2)

A
  • brown eyes seen as more dominant & trustworthy
  • behavioural evidence= blue eyed boys are shyer than brown eyed peers
    (product of face shape?)
20
Q

What can we see in the face? skin» (3)

A
  • smooth skin= seen as trustworthy, competent, attractive, healthy
  • blemishes= judged as less healthy
    >negative evaluations of presence of blemishes was stronger & more consistent
21
Q

What can we see in the face?>sexual orientation: > (3)

A

can be “accurately” perceived in 40-50ms
- more likely to guess heterosexual (heteronormative bias)
- instant reaction has better accuracy than deliberation
- F more accurate at judging m orientation than m are at f

22
Q

why can sexual orientation be perceived in face?> (3)

A
  • guide mating behaviour
    >approach-avoid decision
    >see competition
23
Q

AI & judging homo & hetero men (Wang & Kosinki, 2017)

A
  • AI: correctly distinguish between homo & hetero men in 81% & 71% of women
  • for humans: only 61% for men & 54% for women
  • based on facial morphology, expression & grooming styles
24
Q

issues with AI & sexual orientation study

A

ethically could have harmful repercussions: certain cultures and beliefs with discrimminatory practices against homosexuality

25
Q

Impressions from handshakes»

A
  • firmness stable & consistent across time & coders
    >negative to shyness & neuroticism
    > positive to extraversion & emotional expressiveness
26
Q

coder reports=

A

related to impressions of particpants formed by coders

27
Q

impressions & job interviws: difference between m & w>

A
  • w who are more open make a more favourable impression
  • m who are more open make a poorer impression
28
Q

impression from voice> how say “hello” study

A
  • 64 people recorded
  • “hello”- 390ms
  • participants rated one attribute
  • results: showed high degree of consistent perceptions across participants:
    >valence (e.g. warmth & trust)
    >dominance
    > attractiveness (different for m & f)
29
Q

impressions according to different contexts > email vs conversation study

A
  • 10 min conversation with stranger, via either email exchnage or face-to-face
  • rated each other on big five
  • results:
    >accuracy dependent on trait context
    -visible traits judged better in person
    • context shapes relevance
30
Q

extended self>

A

the things we own become part of us & reflect us
e.g.> -wearing watch, shoes, tattoos, glasses, romantic partners

31
Q

watches & extended self> Ellis & Jenkins (2015)

A
  • study 1 & 2= on personality measures
    >high on conscientiousness
    >low on extraversion & openness
    -study 3= time of arrival to study
    >punctual
32
Q

glasses & extened self (4)

A
  • seen to be conscientious
    -seen as less extraverted & less open to experience
    >visual acuity may co-occur with personality
    >personality may influence the willingness to wear glasses
33
Q

Shoes (bahns, ge, crandall) (2012)

A
  • behavioural residues> personalities perform acts (e.g. conscientious & clean shoes)
  • 3 qns: how much agreement? how accurate? what signals?
  • measures: big 5, demographics, attachment, politics etc
  • results:
    Q1= high agreement
    Q2= mixed accuracy: best for demographics, not for personality, good for attachment
    Q3= mixed- traits pair with traits

Psych113-Social psychology in the digital age (9 decks)

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