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Psych113-Social psychology in the digital age > Attraction > Flashcards

Attraction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the social affiliation model?

A

homeostatic model (constantly changing boundaries) where we seek out interactions in a manner consistent with an INTERNAL OPTIMAL RANGE

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2
Q

why do we isolate ourselves? (theories & models) (3)

A

privacy regulation theory (Altman, 1975)
social affiliation model (O’connor & Rosenblood, 1996)
sociotropic vs soliotropic orientation (Leary, Herbst, McCrary, 2003)

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3
Q

why do we isolate ourselves? (2) + (2)

A

psychological wellbeing:
isolation allows for:
–> creativity & freedom of expression
–> relaxation & spirituality

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4
Q

Privacy regulation theory (Altman, 1975)= (4)

A
  • Desire for privacy is not consistent: it is dynamic (changing) & dialectic (interactive)
  • it varies based on individual and cultural differences
  • when actual privacy EXCEEDS desired we feel lonely
  • when actual privacy is LESS THAN desired we feel annoyed or crowded
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5
Q

sociotropic vs solitropic orientation (Leary, Herbst, McCrary, 2003)

A

sociotropic= orientation towards being with people
solitropic= orientation towards being alone
- two orientations arent counter-opposed more of a quadruple scale

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6
Q

what are the 4 motivations to be with people?>

A
  1. social attention= seeking praise or approval
  2. social comparison= seeking information (e.g. assess if opinions are valid & general info seeking)
  3. stimulation= seeking entertainmnet (anything to avoid boredom)
  4. emotional support
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7
Q

why bother attracting people? (2)

A
  • due to fundamental need to belong
  • ‘need to affiliate’= urge to form connections
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8
Q

Dangers of social isolations: evidence> (3)

A
  1. Infants need for social care (spitz, 1945)> resulted in hospitalism & stunted development
  2. Inmate spent 29 years in solitary confinement> resulted in trouble recognising faces & sense of direction
  3. poker player bet $100,000 he could last 30 days in isolation> (lasted 20 days, experienced changes in his sleep cycle & hallucinations)
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9
Q

infants need for social care (spitz, 1945) (3)

A
  • Post wwII abandoned babies taken in by hospital- only biological needs tended to> no nurture or social contact
    impact:
  • hospitalism= state of apathy & depression among infants deprived of social contact
  • higher mortality rates & less socially & mentally advanced
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10
Q

Dangers of social isolation: effect on the brain> (2)

A
  • reduced size of hippocampus (memory & spatial awareness)
  • increased activity of the amygdala (memory, decision-making, & emotions)
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11
Q

dangers of social isolation: effects on the body (2)

A
  • diverse social networks related to a lower susceptibility to common colds
  • increase risk of heart attack or stroke
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12
Q

dangers of social isolation: effect of rejection

A
  • evidence from fMRI studies show brain response to rejection from people as the same as physical pain (eisenberger, lieberman, & williams, 2003)
    (- aspirin can help sooth emotional pain (deweall & baumeister, 2006))
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13
Q

Dangers of social isolation: which part of the brain become overactivated if you spend too much time alone?

A

amygdala

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14
Q

someone with a solitropic orientation prefers?

A

spending time by themselves

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15
Q

Dangers of social isolation: what becomes underactivated when we spend too much time alone?

A

hippocampus
(memory & spatial awareness)

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16
Q

What is social identity?

A

Idea a person’s sense of self is based on group membership

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17
Q

what is the ‘social cure’ (jettern et al, 2009) [3]

A
  • Depressed individuals who joined groups reduced risk of depression relapse by 24%
  • If joined three groups, risk reduced by 63%
  • membership of social groups is both protective against developing depression & curative of existing depression
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18
Q

what is a social surrogate? (boucher & cummings, 2017)

A

someone that can help another enter & engage in potentially anxiety-provoking social situations

19
Q

what is a parasocial relationship?

A

something that can “fulfil” the need for social interaction with no reciprocity (it is one sided)

20
Q

What are the benefits of parasocial relationships?

A

social associations activate relationship-related concepts & this can reduce isolation threat

21
Q

Physical attraction> (hill, 1939): what are the main deviation in trends between m & f preferences?

A
  • f: prioritise ambitiousness & industriousness over good health
  • m: prioritise good health over ambition & industriousness
22
Q

physical attraction> (hill, 1939): What are the commonalities across top 5 in m & f? (4)

A
  • emotional stability
  • dependable character
  • pleasing disposition
  • mutual attraction
23
Q

evolutionary psych: what is the minimal parental investment?

A

how much effort required for m & f to pass on their genes (large difference of MPI between sexes)

24
Q

what do the results from the study of bower birds scattering patterns>paintings tell us?

A
  • results found people liked painting of bowerbird that was most reproductively successful
  • study shows universality in what we do to attract mates & what we find attractive
25
Q

Factors that affect attractiveness> (4)

A
  • Faces
  • Skin colouration
  • Female figure
  • Sexual dimorphism
26
Q

What affects Attractiveness: face > (4)

A
  • account for a disproportional amount of info & attractiveness compared to the rest of the body:
  • amount of fat in face
  • averageness (more=more attractive)
  • sexual dimorphism
27
Q

what is sexual dimorphism?

A

phenotypic differences between m & f of a species

28
Q

What affects attractiveness: face: preference»

A
  • w: more feminine faces (oestrogen)> high levels of o associated with better health
  • m: low testosterone face> associated with negative partner attributes: aggression/ violence
29
Q

what affects attractiveness?: skin colouration (2 1/2)

A
  • cultural variation on tone (light/dark)
    >potential confound with socioeconomic status
    (elizabethan era & pale=rich=beauty standard)
  • preference for evidence of carotenoid colouration (redness)
30
Q

what affects attractiveness?: female figure (3)

A
  • hip-to-waist ratio
  • average is 0.80; (in men= 0.90)
  • body fat distribution is a function of hormones (e.g. cortisol> changes in response to stress> causes w ratio to become more male-like in stressful environments)
31
Q

what affects attractiveness: female figure: preference»

A
  • in western societies, ideal= 0.70
  • variation in other societies potentially due to ecological factors
32
Q

what affects attractiveness: sexual dimorphism in face»

A
  • hormones throughout body change the structure of your skull at a high level (shift body for survival & reproduction)
33
Q

what are results of sexual dimorphism in MALE faces:

A

Due to testosterone:
- develop forehead ridge, mastoid bones become pointier & start having square jaws

34
Q

what are results of sexual dimorphism in FEMALE faces:

A

smoother foreheads, more triangular jaws & dont have pointy bones

35
Q

order of preference for attractiveness >

A

hete-men> homo-men> hete women>homo women

36
Q

order of preference for resource traits>

A

hete- women> homo/hete men> homo-women

37
Q

Trans individuals & attraction>

A
  • trans women: place more emphasis on attractivness & resource access; valued same characteristics as both cis m & f
38
Q

what are our attraction & mating behaviours caused by:

A

combination of biological mechanisms, social influences & situational factors

39
Q

meta-analysis (langlois et al, 2000): beauty is in the eye of the beholder>

A

-suggests lack of agreement on what is attractive
-not true, fairly universal idea of what is physically attractive

40
Q

meta-analysis (langlois et al, 2000): never judge a book by its cover

A
  • suggests we dont judge people on how they look, but on character
  • proven we judge & treat people based on how they look, with a reasonable amount of accuracy
41
Q

meta-analysis (langlois et al, 2000): Beauty is only skin deep>

A
  • suggests no relation between physical appearance & personality
  • not true: “halo-effect”- ‘what is beautiful is good’ (dion, 1971)
42
Q

what is the halo effect?

A

cognitive bias wherein one positive attribute influences our perception of other attributes (applies to companies, products also)

43
Q

halo effect- attractiveness stereotype:

A
  • assumes attractive people possess other socially desirable personality traits
  • more likely to get a job & get paid more
  • less likely to end up in jail
  • better grades
  • more confident
44
Q

halo-effect feedback loop

A
  • are attractive people ‘genetically better’ [unlikely]
  • or if somebody is physically attractive we will treat them with kindness, with competence & thus establish a level of confidence in them to behave a certain way & create a feedback loop? [likely]

Psych113-Social psychology in the digital age (9 decks)

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