The Self

Question 1

Self-Concept

Answer 1

our knowledge about who we are

Question 2

Self-awareness

Answer 2

the act of thinking about ourselves

Question 3

Self-esteem

Answer 3

One’s sense of self-worth

Question 4

Self-Schemas

Answer 4

Mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves and that influence what they notice, think about and remember about themselves.

Question 5

Self-Reference Effect

Answer 5

The tendency for people to remember information better if they relate it to themselves

Question 6

independent view of the self

Answer 6

a way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people

Question 7

Interdependent view of the self

Answer 7

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people; recognizing that one’s behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others.

Question 8

self-regulatory resource model

Answer 8

according to this model, self-control is a limited resource, like a muscle that gets tired with frequent use but rebounds stronger

Question 9

Introspection

Answer 9

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

Question 10

Self-awareness theory

Answer 10

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

Question 11

Causal Theories

Answer 11

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from culture
eg “absence makes the heart grow fonder”

Question 12

Reasons-Generated Attitude Change

Answer 12

Attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for one’s attitudes; people assume their attitudes match the reasons that are plausible and easy to verbalize

Question 13

Self-perception theory

Answer 13

The theory that when our attitudes and feeling are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

Question 14

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 14

The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

Question 15

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 15

The desire to engage in an activity because of external reasons, not because we enjoy it or find it interesting

Question 16

Over justification Effect

Answer 16

the tendency of people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons.

Question 17

Task-Contingent Rewards

Answer 17

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

Question 18

Performance-Contingent Rewards

Answer 18

Rewards based on how well we perform a task

Question 19

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Answer 19

1. Experience physiological arousal
2. Then seek an appropriate explanation for it

Question 20

Misattribution of Arousal

Answer 20

The process where people mistake inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do.

Residual arousal from one source can enhance the intensity of how the person interprets other feelings

Question 21

Appraisal Theories of Emotion

Answer 21

Theories holding that emotions result from people’s interpretations and explanations of events, even in the absence of physiological arousal.

Question 22

Social Comparison Theory

Answer 22

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people.

Question 23

Upward social Comparison:

Answer 23

Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular ability

Question 24

Downward Social Comparison

Answer 24

Comparing yourself to people who are worse than you on a particular trait or ability.

Question 25

Social Tuning

Answer 25

The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitudes

Question 26

Impression Management

Answer 26

The attempt by people to get other to see them as they want to be seen

Question 27

Self Monitoring

Answer 27

Individual difference related to how much you are aware of the impression of your behavior on others

Question 28

Ingration

Answer 28

The process whereby people flatter, praise and generally try to make themselves likeable to another person, often of a higher status

Question 29

Self-Handicapping

Answer 29

The Strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task they can avoid blaming themselves

Question 30

Self-Enhancement

Answer 30

The tendency to focus on and present positive information about oneself and to minimize negative information