The Second Industrial Revoution Flashcards
Who introduced new methods of creating steel? Why was steel so important?
Englishman Henry Bessemer introduced the Bessemer Process that produced steel more efficiently, while the German William Siemens introduced an even better method of making steel. Steel was the metal of choice for buildings and ships because of its strength and durability.
What was another discovery that had an immense impact on European lifestyles? Who invented the first prototype?
The use of electrical power for lighting and energy changed European lifestyles dramatically. Thomas Edison invented the incandescent lamp.
What were effects of electricity on European cities?
European cities began to be lit after dark, and populations moved through the city more efficiently on electric trams. Electric lights made nighttime far safer and expanded nighttime activities like opera and theater.
What were significant developments in transportation?
Europe’s rail network expanded dramatically. The French built the Suez canal, but was operated by the British. Speedier ships began to set records for crossing the Atlantic, but steamships soon replaced them. Trains and steamships transported perishables around the world with refrigeration. Karl Benz invented the internal combustion engine, and Henry Ford produced the Model T. The Wright brothers created the first successful airplane.
What were advances in communication and education?
Britain established a national postal system. The development of universal public education also meant that more people were inclined to communicate in writing. The first telegraph was completed, and soon Europe was covered with telegraph lines. Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone. The phonograph was invented.
What was the role of science in industrialization?
Science began to play an increasingly important role in industrial expansion.
How did the public perception of science change over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?
Public perception of science was optimistic; however, after the turn of the century and the First World War, the public began to lose excitement in the developments of science Even by the end of the nineteenth century, scientists revealed nature was very complex and that questions would remain unanswered while assumptions were attacked. Science also required increasing knowledge and expertise to understand.
What were the some inventions in the Second Industrial Revolution era?
The introduction of synthetic dyes revolutionized the textile industry, the invention of man-made fertilizers led to increased crop yields, and the invention of dynamite by the Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, who became alarmed at the destructive uses of dynamite and entrusted money for those who served the cause of peace.
What were some of the advances in chemistry and physics?
Faraday produced groundbreaking work on electricity and magnetism, Joule defined many of the laws of thermodynamics, Mendeleev developed the periodic table, Becquerel discovered radioactivity and Marie Curie isolated radium, Rutherford laid the groundwork for atomic structure by showing existence of a nucleus, Planck develops the idea of quantized energy, Albert Einstein creates a new theory of relativity.
What were the effects of these advances?
The advances in science became part of an increasingly complex body of knowledge that left many ordinary people feeling alienated from the world as revealed by science. Albert Einstein and Max Planck’s discoveries also undermined Newton’s mechanistic concept of the universe.
Who was Friedrich Nietzsche?
He was a professor of classical languages at the University of Basel who questioned and even rejected the ideas of the eighteenth century Enlightenment.
What was Nietzsche’s most famous work? What did he argue in it?
Nietzsche’s most famous work, Thus Spake Zarathustra, argued that it was necessary to break from traditional morality, proclaiming “God is dead.” Nietzsche thought it was necessary to kill God because religion was at the center of the Western model of civilization he despised. He hated Bismarck’s Germany and instead yearned for the emergence of the artist-warrior superman (his sister edited his works and made them seem like they were supportive of Hitler).
Who was Sigmund Freud?
he was the father of psychoanalysis who took the methods of modern science and proposed to find a way to treat mental disorders by delving into the human subconscious.
What were Freud’s most famous works?
In his The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud believed that dreams reveal the inner workings of a subconscious world. In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud questioned the premise of continuous progress for the human race and instead posited that despite attempts to suppress it, violence lies at the very core of our being.
What were advances in medicine?
William Morton invented anesthesia during surgeries Louis Pasteur discovered that microbes caused diseases. He also explained how vaccines worked within the body. Joseph Lister built on Pasteur’s work and used carbolic acid as a disinfectant during surgery, Ignaz Semmelweis made childbirth much safer for women.
