Social and Cultural Developments in the Late Nineteenth Century Flashcards
What occurred with regards to religion in the late nineteenth century?
Religious beliefs and institutions made a recovery in the period after 1815. Secular rulers saw religion as a bulwark for the existing social order, and the revolutions of 1848 spurred the trend toward state support of religion.
How did Catholicism reemerge in Europe?
Spain in 1851 declared Catholicism as the only religion of the Spanish people. In Austria, Joseph II’s reforms on the Catholic Church were repealed.
What did Pope Pius IX issue in response to the revolutions of 1848? What doctrine did he put forward?
He wrote the Syllabus of Errors, which listed liberalism as one of the errors of modern life. He put forward the doctrine of “papal infallibility,” where the pope could not be in error in matters of faith, alarming moderate Catholics.
What backlashes occurred against religious institutions?
In Germany, Bismarck saw Catholicism as a force that could rip apart Germany because of their ultimate loyalty. He attacked Catholic institutions in what was known as the Kulturkampf. Liberals and some conservatives were hostile to the inetervention of the Church.
What was Rerum Novarum?
It was a document issued by Pope Leo XIII. It reaffirmed the right of private property and bashed socialism, but said that Christianity had a responsibility to the poor. This led to the establishment of the Catholic Social Movement while in Protestant lands churches expanded their efforts on the behalf of the poor.
How was the Bible attacked as historical?
David Friedrich Strauss said that the Bible consisted of a series of myths formulate by the early Christians, containing a “Christ of faith, rather than the Jesus of history.” George Eliot, Taylor Coleridge, and Ludwig Feuerbach argued that God was a man-made device that reflected our own inner sense of the divine.
What were examples of religious weakening in the 19th century?
A religious census in 1851 of Great Britain found that church attendance was much lower than expected and the working had little in connection with organized religion.
What were new opportunities for Jews in the 19th century?
The legal status of Jews improved. In 1858 Jews were allowed to enter the House of Commons in England, and over the following decade Jews received full political rights in Austria-Hungary and Germany.
What were new challenges for Jews in the 19th century?
There was still endemic social discrimination, with Jews often blocked from certain professions and government roles. Jews were seen as responsible for troubling trends in modern economic life like the department store, which put shopkeepers out of business. The depression of 1873 also led to prejudice.
What was the new form of anti-Semitism?
It was economic resentment combined with Social Darwinist notions of Jews as being part of a distinct and foreign race instead of a religious denomination.
How was Hitler’s anti-Semitism influenced by the Austrian state?
Hitler’s years in Vienna were spent in a city under Karl Lueger, who was elected mayor on an anti-Semitic platform.
What occurred in France that was emblematic of anti-Semitism?
The Dreyfus Affair in France, where a military officer Dreyfus was falsely accused of being a spy and passing information to the Germans, helped give rise to Action Francaise, a monarchist group that was also virulently anti-Semitic.
How were Jews put under Pressure in Russia?
The monarchy used attacks on Jews, called pogroms, as a tool for redirecting popular anger that would otherwise have been directed toward the throne.
What was Zionism?
It was the idea that the only way for Jews to live in peace would be through the establishment of a Jewish homeland.
Who was the leading advocate for Zionism?
Theodore Herzl who was horrified by the Dreyfus Affair. He wrote The Jewish State, in which he argued that Jews must have a state of their own. He formed a worldwide organization to achieve this goal called the First Zionist Congress.
How did the role of the family change in the nineteenth century?
The family no longer operated as an economic unit. There were increasingly separate spheres for both male and female work, with the male earning the money that provided for the family’s support.
How did the concept of the family change with the new middle class?
The wealthy middle class created new gender standards. Among the families who had the money, the new standard was for a man’s place to be in the workforce and a woman’s to be in the home.
