The Development of Monarchial States and the Holy Wars Flashcards
What were the new powers of a monarch starting in the 16th century?
The monarch’s power was God-given and therefore absolute. Thought shifted away from limiting the power of kings to allowing absolute law.
What was the best example of this power shift?
The French monarchial state. By the time of Louis XIV, the government was a centralized monarchy in which the power of the king was absolute.
What was an example of this power shift failing?
The English government. Several English rulers were interested in becoming absolutist kings, but the English Parliament stood in their way. Ultimately, the result was the supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy.
What were the three major characteristics of a new nation-state?
Growing bureaucratization, the existence of a permanent mercenary army, and a growing need to tax.
Why did new nation-states need a growing bureaucracy?
Salaried officials began to depend on the new monarchy for their livelihood. New officials were employed to collect taxes on behalf of the monarch. Corruption also existed, where offices were bought and sold.
Why did new nation-states need a new permanent military?
Gunpowder and new technology eroded the need for traditional warfare units like knights. The rising cost of warfare played into the hands of the monarchial states.
Why did new nation-states need to increase taxes?
Monarchs were in need to pay taxes for permanent armies, and permanent armies were needed to ensure control the peasantry who disliked the high rate of taxation.
What was an area that did not follow this trend?
Italy. it remained divided throughout this state and the battling ground between Spain and France.
What was the Treaty of Lodi?
It was a treaty that maintained the balance of power among the major city-states by creating an alliance between Milan, Naples, and Florence. It occurred in 1454.
How was the Treaty of Lodi broken?
Ludovico il Moro, the despot of Milan, invited the French into Italy to let them conquer Naples. King Charles VIII of France promptly invaded Italy in 1490.
Who was Savonarola?
He was a radical Dominican preacher who overthrew the Medici rulers of Florence just as Charles’ forces crossed into Florence. His uprising marked the end of Florence’s leading role in the Renaissance.
How were the French pushed out of Italy?
Ludovico il Moro joined an anti-French Italian alliance that expelled the French from Italy and returned the Medicis to the throne of Florence.
What did the French invasions inspire a famous Italian author to write?
The French invasions inspired Niccolo Machiavelli to write the first work of modern political thought, The Prince. His work valued Italian independence above all else and believed only a strong leader with ruthless means could unite Italy and drive out the foreigners.
What was the War of the Roses?
They were a series of civil wars between the House of York and the House of Lancaster over who would dominate the monarchy. The Lancasters under Henry Tudor (Henry VII) won central authority when he defeated Richard III at the battle of Bosworth Field.
How did Henry VIII strengthen the power of the crown?
He created a small but efficient bureaucracy and created the Church of England. Moreover, most aristocratic opponents were wiped out during the Wars of the Roses.
Who was Queen Elizabeth and what did she do?
She was the greatest Tudor and was Henry VIII’s daughter with Anne Boleyn. She was intelligent and was educated humanistically, and surrounded herself with able ministers. She used the prospect of marriage as a diplomatic tool. Elizabeth treated Mary Stuart well, but was forced to execute her after she plotted to kill her. Elizabeth created political stability in England, which allowed the development of the English Renaissance.
The marriage of which two leaders laid the groundwork for the reconquest of Spain?
After Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married, they laid the groundwork for the consolidation of Spain.
What was the Reconquista?
It was a military movement in 1492 Spain that conquered the last Islamic outpost in Spain, Grenada.
What also occurred during 1492?
It was the beginning of a new wave of religious bigotry, as the Catholic Ferdinand and Isabella demanded religious uniformity. They expelled the Jewish population and allowed the Inquisition to hound Jews and Moors, and later Protestants.
Who was Ferdinand and Isabella’s son?
Charles V. He controlled both the Holy Roman Empire and other Spanish possessions.
How was the Habsburg land divided after Charles V abdicated?
He gave Spain, the Netherlands, southern Italy, and the Americas to his son Philip and Bohemia, Austria, Hungary and the title of Holy Roman Emperor to Ferdinand.
How did the Spanish establish dominance in the Mediterranean?
The Spanish navy beat the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Lepanto.
Why did Philip experience debt problems?
He spent immense amounts of money increasing the size of the military, especially the navy. He also attempted to put down a revolt in the Netherlands that resulted from Philip attempting to impose the doctrines from the Council of Trent in the Calvinist land. Finally, the Spanish Armada was sent to conquer England, but was beaten back by Elizabeth’s navy.
Who were artists of the Golden Age of Spain?
Cervantes was Spain’s greatest writer, who wrote Don Quixote, which longed for the past traditional values of Spain? El Greco also painted Spain that seemed to be dominant but could not maintain its power. However, the Golden Age of Spain was ended by the collapse of the Spanish economy as a result of the Price Revolution.
