The Scientific Transformation

Question 1

Johannes Muller

Answer 1

• Called for separation of Anatomy & Physiology departments
• His students called for physiology based on chemistry and phyics

Question 2

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 2

• Conceived the CELL as center of pathologic processes

- Die Cellularpatholgie (ended humoral physiology, Hippocratic)

Question 3

Ignaz Semmelweiss

Answer 3

• Noticed that peurperal (childbed) fever seemed to be carried from child to child by whomever delivered
• 1847, counseled washing hangs in chlorine-water solution between deliveries

Question 4

Louis Pasteur

Answer 4

• Researcher in chemistry, biology, medicine, immunology
• Germ Theory of Disease
• Helped to prove that microorganisms are responsible for many diseases, putrefaction, and fermentation

Question 5

Joseph Lister

Answer 5

• Knew and understood Pasteur’s research

- Used carbolic acid (phenol) as antisepsis

Question 6

Robert Koch

Answer 6

• Koch’s Postulates
• Made bacteriology a real science
• Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae
• Methods led to discoveries of microorganisms involved in: pneumonia, typhoid fever, diphtheria, gonorrhea, meningitis, leprosy, plague, tetanus, syphilis, pertussis
• Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1905

Question 7

Anesthesia

Answer 7

• Unknown until mid-19th century
• First demonstration at MGH
• October 16, 1846 “Ether Day”
• Ethyl ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide

Question 8

Crawford Long, MD

Answer 8

• First to use ether

- Georgia, 1842

Question 9

Horace Wells, DDS

Answer 9

• First to use nitrous oxide

- Unsuccessfully demonstrated at MGH, 1845

Question 10

William T.G. Morton

Answer 10

• Wrongly credited with first public demonstration of ether anesthesia, 1846
• Dentist and medical student
• Learned ether’s properties from Charles Jackson (Harvard), who later claimed discovery himself

Question 11

James Simpson, MD

Answer 11

• Introduced chloroform anesthesia

- He discovered in 1847

Question 12

Theodor Billroth

Answer 12

• Refined Listerian antisepsis
• Began daily, post-op temperature evaluation
• Developed new abdominal operations

Question 13

William Halsted

Answer 13

• Student of Billroth
• Disciple of Lister’s antisepsis method
• RUBBER GLOVES in surgery

Question 14

Willhelm Roentgen

Answer 14

• First clinical x-ray done in Jan 1896

- First Nobel Prize in Physics (1901)

Question 15

Marie and Pierre Curie

Answer 15

• Discovered polonium and radium (1898)
• Radium used against cancer (1904)
• Nobel Prize in Physics (1903), Chemistry (1911)

Question 16

Willem Einthoven

Answer 16

• EKG
• ECG criteria for MI developed by mid-1920’s
• Nobel Prize in Medicine 1924