The Enlightenment - 18th Century

Question 1

The Enlightenment (changes)

Answer 1

• Population growth (cities >500,000; sanitation and crowding)
• Political unrest (American, French revolutions)
• Colonialism (more travel, diseases)
• Economics

Question 2

What was The Enlightenment?

Answer 2

• “The Age of Reason”
• Science and intellect became valued
• Wider dissemination of knowledge

Question 3

Giovanni Battista Morgagni

Answer 3

• “Father of Anatomical Pathology”
• Padua, Chair of Anatomy
• “The Seats and Causes of Diseases”
• First to demonstrate the need to base diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment on anatomical conditions

Question 4

Albrecht von Haller

Answer 4

• Founder of modern physiology

- “Elements of Physiology of the Human Body”

Question 5

Leopold Auenbrugger

Answer 5

• First to describe percussion for diagnosis
• Learned by tapping wine kegs as a child
• Lungs and tuberculosis
• Fremitus: voice/breathing vibrations that can be palpated
• “Inventum Novum ex Percussione Thoracis Humani Interni Pectoris Morbos Detegendi”

Question 6

William Hunter

Answer 6

• Anatomist; leading obstetrician in London
• Built famous anatomy theater with brother, John
• “Anatomia uteri humani gravidi”

Question 7

John Hunter

Answer 7

• Anatomy assistant to brother William
• Graverobbing
• Skeleton of 7’7” Irish giant, Charles Byrne
• Studied inflammation, gunshot wounds, venereal diseases (self gonorrhea), fats absorbed into lacteals of gut, first complete study of child development, proved that maternal and fetal blood supplies separate, lymphatic system

Question 8

Jean Nicolas Corvisart

Answer 8

• Strong advocate of Auenbrugger’s percussion
• “The First Heart Specialist”
• “An Essay on Organic Diseases and Lesions of the Heart and Great Vessels”
• Emphasized precordial palpation
• Rene Laennec was his student

Question 9

Rene Laennec

Answer 9

• Inventor of the stethoscope (1819)
• First to lecture on melanoma
• Rales, rhonchi, crepitance, and egophony
• Named cirrhosis (already known disease)

Question 10

Edward Jenner

Answer 10

• Demonstrated the “efficacy” of vaccination
• Inoculation for smallpox was already standard (Lady Montague)
• Vaccination was already discovered and researched, just didn’t know how to do it effectively
• “An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae”

Question 11

Benjamin Rush

Answer 11

• US Founding Father (signed Declaration)
• Vigorous proponent of “heroic medicine” (purging the bowels)
• Believed hypertension was the key to disease
• “the American Hippocrates,” heeded by regular doctors