The scientific revolution and the human body Flashcards
The scholastics did very little of what in science?
direct study of nature
science can exist without what but needs what?
extensive technology (Greeks)
but needs literacy
Technology can exist without what two things?
science
(middle ages)
literacy (passed on from master to apprentice, verbally or demonstration)
In the middle ages, what did science become established in?
technology and commerce, not in written scholarship or the church. Therefore the church lost control of science
What was the reformation? Who initiated it?
was initiated by Martin Luther 1517
western European christianity fractured into Catholic and protestant camps
What middle age technology had importance in later science?
wine press–> printing press
trebuchet
horse shoe
a metal plow
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg 1440
What did geographic discoveries do?
brought back new plants and animals to europe
What did Copernicus study and what did he argue in favour of?
Astronomy
on the motions of heavenly Bodies (1543) argued in favour of the heliocentric model of the solar system
What did Kepler study and what were his findings?
astronomy
he showed that planetary orbits are ellipses not circles
What did galileo study?
what did he discover?
astronomy, physics, math, philosophy, scientific method
was one of the first to use a telescope and he discovered imperfections; sunspots, mountains on the moon, jupiter’s moons
What did Isaac Newton study and what were his ideas?
astronomy, physics, math, phil of science
idea that the universe operates according to simple, universal quantitative laws
Leonardo Da Vinci
what was the state of his scientific work?
finished very few of them, did not organize or publish any scientific works
What was Leo’s affect on anatomy?
he incorporated anatomy into his art
What did Vesalius do?
he produced the first accurate, high-quality book of human anatomy ever published: on the Fabric of the Human Body(1543)
Copernicus was to ptolemy, as Vesalius was to who?
Galen
Vesalius viewed Galenic anatomy how?
Skeptically due to discrepancies noticed
Who did Vesalius do dissections under?
Jacobus Sylvius (a Galenist)
Where did Vesalius graduate and teach ? how old was he?
university of Padua
became a teacher in anatomy right after graduation at 22
When did modern medicine “begin”
When Vesalius realized that Galen had never dissected a body
What was a struggle that Vesalius had with teaching?
finding bodies was very hard. He had to make friends with a judge so he could give the dead criminal bodies to him
Vesalius’s book had two main virtues what were they?
anatomical correctness and high-quality illustrations. Also it was printed, so it was widely avalible
What were the Fabric of the human bodies 7 parts?
skeleton
muscles
vascular system
nervous system
abdominal viscera
thorasic viscera
brain/ eye
Vesalius’s anatomy went beyond Galen but what did not?
His physiology did not
did not propose the circulation of the Blood
What part of Galen’s philosophy did Vesalius accept?
that the human body was perfectly designed by god
What trend did Vasalius start with his illustrations in his book?
putting bodies in natural situations ( dancing, standing, moving around)
Who was Micheal Servetus?
An intellect, martyr to freedom of thought and freedom of conscience. A wandering student, scholar, physician, and anatomist.
Followed Vesalius to uni of Paris, did dissections for Jacobus Sylvius and was the first to propose pulmonary circulation.
What was the book that got Michael servetus in trouble?
Restoration of Christianity
what did Michael servetus propose in his book and what were his reasons?
argument for pulmonary circulation
no pores in septum
pulmonary artery is huge
blood in pulmonary is dark red blood in veins is light red
What was Realdo Colombo?
anatomist and successor to Vesalius at the university of Padua.
What did Colombo think about Vesalius’s work?
thought that there was anatomical errors in “On the Fabric of the Human Body”
Who was Girolamo Fabrici? and what was his book about?
student and (bad) teacher at the university of Padua
was interested and wrote a book about the valves and veins of the circulatory system
who was William Harvey?
student of Girolamo Fabrici at Padua.
Physician to two english Kings
Concluded that blood circulates in 1616 (both pulmonary and systemic)
what were William Harvey’s observations and arguments regarding blood circulation?
valves in the veins ensure the one way flow of blood (this can be domonstrated on a living person)
if you tie off an artery in a living animal the side towards the heart bulges
if you tie off a vein the side away from the heart bulges
What questions did William Harvey leave unanswered?
what does the liver do?
how do tissues get nourished?
what is the function of respiration?
what is the different between blood in artery and blood in vein?
What was the significance of Harvey’s work?
double circuit
model of experimental/ quantitative biology
highlighted mechanical function of organisms
suggested blood transfusions for blood loss treatment
What is Mechanicism?
living processes are the consequence of fundamental laws of physics, mechanics and chemistry
What is Vitalism?
living processes depend upon a vital force that is not explainable in physics, mechanical or chemical terms
Who was Rene Descartes?
crude but influential mechanisms
proposed a model of living mechanisms that involved physics and engineering but not chemistry
What did Descartes think about the soul?
that humans have souls but animals do not
Place these notable science guys in order from oldest to most recent:
Galileo Galilei, Andreas Vesalius, Copernicus, Sir Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Leonardo Da Vinci
- Leonardo Da Vinci
- Copernicus
- Andreas Vesalius
- Galileo Galilei
- Johannes Kepler
- Sir Isaac Newton
