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Biol 400 > The scientific revolution and the human body > Flashcards

The scientific revolution and the human body Flashcards

1
Q

The scholastics did very little of what in science?

A

direct study of nature

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2
Q

science can exist without what but needs what?

A

extensive technology (Greeks)

but needs literacy

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3
Q

Technology can exist without what two things?

A

science
(middle ages)

literacy (passed on from master to apprentice, verbally or demonstration)

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4
Q

In the middle ages, what did science become established in?

A

technology and commerce, not in written scholarship or the church. Therefore the church lost control of science

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5
Q

What was the reformation? Who initiated it?

A

was initiated by Martin Luther 1517

western European christianity fractured into Catholic and protestant camps

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6
Q

What middle age technology had importance in later science?

A

wine press–> printing press

trebuchet

horse shoe

a metal plow

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7
Q

Who invented the printing press?

A

Johannes Gutenberg 1440

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8
Q

What did geographic discoveries do?

A

brought back new plants and animals to europe

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9
Q

What did Copernicus study and what did he argue in favour of?

A

Astronomy

on the motions of heavenly Bodies (1543) argued in favour of the heliocentric model of the solar system

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10
Q

What did Kepler study and what were his findings?

A

astronomy

he showed that planetary orbits are ellipses not circles

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11
Q

What did galileo study?

what did he discover?

A

astronomy, physics, math, philosophy, scientific method

was one of the first to use a telescope and he discovered imperfections; sunspots, mountains on the moon, jupiter’s moons

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12
Q

What did Isaac Newton study and what were his ideas?

A

astronomy, physics, math, phil of science

idea that the universe operates according to simple, universal quantitative laws

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13
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci

what was the state of his scientific work?

A

finished very few of them, did not organize or publish any scientific works

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14
Q

What was Leo’s affect on anatomy?

A

he incorporated anatomy into his art

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15
Q

What did Vesalius do?

A

he produced the first accurate, high-quality book of human anatomy ever published: on the Fabric of the Human Body(1543)

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16
Q

Copernicus was to ptolemy, as Vesalius was to who?

A

Galen

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17
Q

Vesalius viewed Galenic anatomy how?

A

Skeptically due to discrepancies noticed

18
Q

Who did Vesalius do dissections under?

A

Jacobus Sylvius (a Galenist)

19
Q

Where did Vesalius graduate and teach ? how old was he?

A

university of Padua

became a teacher in anatomy right after graduation at 22

20
Q

When did modern medicine “begin”

A

When Vesalius realized that Galen had never dissected a body

21
Q

What was a struggle that Vesalius had with teaching?

A

finding bodies was very hard. He had to make friends with a judge so he could give the dead criminal bodies to him

22
Q

Vesalius’s book had two main virtues what were they?

A

anatomical correctness and high-quality illustrations. Also it was printed, so it was widely avalible

23
Q

What were the Fabric of the human bodies 7 parts?

A

skeleton

muscles

vascular system

nervous system

abdominal viscera

thorasic viscera

brain/ eye

24
Q

Vesalius’s anatomy went beyond Galen but what did not?

A

His physiology did not

did not propose the circulation of the Blood

25
Q

What part of Galen’s philosophy did Vesalius accept?

A

that the human body was perfectly designed by god

26
Q

What trend did Vasalius start with his illustrations in his book?

A

putting bodies in natural situations ( dancing, standing, moving around)

27
Q

Who was Micheal Servetus?

A

An intellect, martyr to freedom of thought and freedom of conscience. A wandering student, scholar, physician, and anatomist.

Followed Vesalius to uni of Paris, did dissections for Jacobus Sylvius and was the first to propose pulmonary circulation.

28
Q

What was the book that got Michael servetus in trouble?

A

Restoration of Christianity

29
Q

what did Michael servetus propose in his book and what were his reasons?

A

argument for pulmonary circulation

no pores in septum

pulmonary artery is huge

blood in pulmonary is dark red blood in veins is light red

30
Q

What was Realdo Colombo?

A

anatomist and successor to Vesalius at the university of Padua.

31
Q

What did Colombo think about Vesalius’s work?

A

thought that there was anatomical errors in “On the Fabric of the Human Body”

32
Q

Who was Girolamo Fabrici? and what was his book about?

A

student and (bad) teacher at the university of Padua

was interested and wrote a book about the valves and veins of the circulatory system

33
Q

who was William Harvey?

A

student of Girolamo Fabrici at Padua.

Physician to two english Kings

Concluded that blood circulates in 1616 (both pulmonary and systemic)

34
Q

what were William Harvey’s observations and arguments regarding blood circulation?

A

valves in the veins ensure the one way flow of blood (this can be domonstrated on a living person)

if you tie off an artery in a living animal the side towards the heart bulges

if you tie off a vein the side away from the heart bulges

35
Q

What questions did William Harvey leave unanswered?

A

what does the liver do?

how do tissues get nourished?

what is the function of respiration?

what is the different between blood in artery and blood in vein?

36
Q

What was the significance of Harvey’s work?

A

double circuit

model of experimental/ quantitative biology

highlighted mechanical function of organisms

suggested blood transfusions for blood loss treatment

37
Q

What is Mechanicism?

A

living processes are the consequence of fundamental laws of physics, mechanics and chemistry

38
Q

What is Vitalism?

A

living processes depend upon a vital force that is not explainable in physics, mechanical or chemical terms

39
Q

Who was Rene Descartes?

A

crude but influential mechanisms

proposed a model of living mechanisms that involved physics and engineering but not chemistry

40
Q

What did Descartes think about the soul?

A

that humans have souls but animals do not

41
Q

Place these notable science guys in order from oldest to most recent:
Galileo Galilei, Andreas Vesalius, Copernicus, Sir Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Leonardo Da Vinci

A
  1. Leonardo Da Vinci
  2. Copernicus
  3. Andreas Vesalius
  4. Galileo Galilei
  5. Johannes Kepler
  6. Sir Isaac Newton

Biol 400 (21 decks)

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