Islamic World and Medieval Europe Flashcards
in the islamic world in the 8th to 13th century what was the demographic of scholars and scientists?
Arab muslims
Persian muslims
jews
Arab christians
Nestorian christians
science has a transcultural characteristics in terms of what?
methods and conculsions
what are some of the developmental stages of the islamic world? (5)
1) awareness of ancient knowledge (greek legacy)
2) Translation from greek to Arabic
3) Assimilation (fit it into the readers world view)
4) new inquiry (new insights)
5) Revolutionary thinking (calculus, physics, atomic theory)
what are three aspects o islamic civilization encouraged the development of science?
Ilamic expansion; contact with ancient learning; openess to other cultures
muhammad (AD 570-632) and the Quran welcomed education and inquiry into nature
the wealth and unity of islamic civilization supported the activities of a secular intellectual class
as islamic civilization started to expand what did the scholars do?
start to collect the scattered remains of the classical learning and translated them (some scrolls from library of alexandria, Byzantine libraries perserved some greek works)
The collecting, translating, and copying of the scrolls was aided by what?
bu the construction of a paper making plant in Baghdad in 794
what was the Islamic world primary scholarly strengths?
4
mathematics
optics
chemistry (alchemy)
medicine
this islamic science was more focused on what than the greeks had been?
experimentation
what was the science of Alchemy in the islamic world?
it was a part- practical, part- mystical attempt to provide what people want above all; wealth and longevity
what are 4 examples of discoveries or inventions from the alchemists that provided useful later on ?
Apparatus, glassware
distillation
solution and precipitation
concepts
Islamic medicine was largely what?
practical medicine
islamic medicines main contributions were what? (2)
medical encyclopedism and the preparation and use of drugs
who was Avicenna?
was the greatest islamic intellectual of all
physician but also a mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, physicist and poet
what did Avicenna believe about medicine?
that it was a science
what was Avicennas most important book?
Canon of medicine
what did the canon of medicine incorporate?
all Avicenna knew about Greek, Roman and Islamic medicine. He borrowed heavily from Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, Added into from many other medical writers and contributed his own experience and sythesis
What did Avicenna stress in canon of medicine?
diagnosis, disease symptoms and disease names (in contrast to hippocrates), a distinguishing feature of Islamic medicine
the work in canon of medicine include work in what subjects?
discussions of physiology and psychology
how many drugs were discussed in the canon of medicine?
he discussed 650 compound drugs, tells the reader how to make them, and recommends clinical drug trials along principles suggested by Galen
Ibn an-Nafis questioned Galen authority on what?
blood movement by proposing pulmoonary circulation; blood moves from the right ventricle to the left ventricle via pulmanary circuit, not by pores in the septum between the two chambers
what are some other aspects of islamic medicine?
human dissection was not allowed in earlier centuries but WAS permitted by the 13th century
There were large public hospitals; the most famous were in baghdad, Damascus and cairo
many ancient books have re-entered Europe as what?
Arabic translations
the influence of Avicenna in islamic world can be compared to who in europe?
Galen
what came out of islamic Alchemy?
modern chemistry
what was a large take away from islamic science?
experimental methods
its debated that Islamic scholars were merely perseveres and trasmitters of ancient science, or where they original contributer?
in recent days it is accepted that the islamic scholars were not just a transmitter but a contribute
to what extent did religious thought in islamic civilization help or hinder scientific scholarships?
yes there was a religious reaction to science
why is there no self sustaining revolution in islamic science?
possibly due to Mongolian invasion in 13th century
what is scholasticism?
the assimilation of ancient writings into a christian fromework
what were the methods of Scholasticism?
definition; logical analysis of texts; reconcilling opposing points of view
who was Albertus Magnus? (c 1200-1280)
what was he known as?
know as Doctor universalis
was a literary scholar, an alchemist (had doubts about it), a teacher.
Albertus Magnus in terms of his biology was what?
the foremost medieval naturalist
what was Albertus Magnus’s view on Aristotle?
he fit his first hand observations into an aristoelian framwork and made Aristotes conception of nature widely known in europe
who was Albertus Magnus star pupil?
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
what did Thomas Aquinas become?
the greatest of the scholastics
who was St. Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)?
she was a nun, abbess and mystic who wrote down her religious visions - she was also a healer, a naturalist, a musician
who was frederick 2 of Hohenstaufen (1194-1250)
holy Roman Emperor
Frederick grew up where and had what type of childhood?
sicily
had very little supervision but became fluent in latin greek Arabic and Italian
what was Fredrick’s most important original contribution to science?
was he Art of Falconry
one of the few works of medieval science that is worth anything
what was Fredricks religious views?
he did not share the religion, the assumptions or the approach of the other scholastics
he believed in free thought in religious matter but only for himself
what did Frederick II establish?
a university in Naples 1224 (still around today)
what Frederick charter at the Salerno Medical collage?
a formal curriculum that had standardized exams, and produced many medical treatises with Hippocrates, Galen and Avicenna as influences
what did Fredrick seperate the duties of by law?
physicians and pharmacists
who was Roger Bacon?
was medieval in spirit, beacuse he was part of the scholastic tradition, was interested in astrology, numerology, magical herbs, gems and alchemy
what was different about Bacon’s thinking?
it was modern for its time (gunpowder, telescopes, submarines)
at what time period did universities flourish?
scholastic period
