Islamic World and Medieval Europe

Question 1

in the islamic world in the 8th to 13th century what was the demographic of scholars and scientists?

Answer 1

Arab muslims

Persian muslims

jews

Arab christians
Nestorian christians

Question 2

science has a transcultural characteristics in terms of what?

Answer 2

methods and conculsions

Question 3

what are some of the developmental stages of the islamic world? (5)

Answer 3

1) awareness of ancient knowledge (greek legacy)
2) Translation from greek to Arabic
3) Assimilation (fit it into the readers world view)
4) new inquiry (new insights)
5) Revolutionary thinking (calculus, physics, atomic theory)

Question 4

what are three aspects o islamic civilization encouraged the development of science?

Answer 4

Ilamic expansion; contact with ancient learning; openess to other cultures

muhammad (AD 570-632) and the Quran welcomed education and inquiry into nature

the wealth and unity of islamic civilization supported the activities of a secular intellectual class

Question 5

as islamic civilization started to expand what did the scholars do?

Answer 5

start to collect the scattered remains of the classical learning and translated them (some scrolls from library of alexandria, Byzantine libraries perserved some greek works)

Question 6

The collecting, translating, and copying of the scrolls was aided by what?

Answer 6

bu the construction of a paper making plant in Baghdad in 794

Question 7

what was the Islamic world primary scholarly strengths?

4

Answer 7

mathematics

optics

chemistry (alchemy)

medicine

Question 8

this islamic science was more focused on what than the greeks had been?

Answer 8

experimentation

Question 9

what was the science of Alchemy in the islamic world?

Answer 9

it was a part- practical, part- mystical attempt to provide what people want above all; wealth and longevity

Question 10

what are 4 examples of discoveries or inventions from the alchemists that provided useful later on ?

Answer 10

Apparatus, glassware

distillation

solution and precipitation

concepts

Question 11

Islamic medicine was largely what?

Answer 11

practical medicine

Question 12

islamic medicines main contributions were what? (2)

Answer 12

medical encyclopedism and the preparation and use of drugs

Question 13

who was Avicenna?

Answer 13

was the greatest islamic intellectual of all

physician but also a mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, physicist and poet

Question 14

what did Avicenna believe about medicine?

Answer 14

that it was a science

Question 15

what was Avicennas most important book?

Answer 15

Canon of medicine

Question 16

what did the canon of medicine incorporate?

Answer 16

all Avicenna knew about Greek, Roman and Islamic medicine. He borrowed heavily from Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, Added into from many other medical writers and contributed his own experience and sythesis

Question 17

What did Avicenna stress in canon of medicine?

Answer 17

diagnosis, disease symptoms and disease names (in contrast to hippocrates), a distinguishing feature of Islamic medicine

Question 18

the work in canon of medicine include work in what subjects?

Answer 18

discussions of physiology and psychology

Question 19

how many drugs were discussed in the canon of medicine?

Answer 19

he discussed 650 compound drugs, tells the reader how to make them, and recommends clinical drug trials along principles suggested by Galen

Question 20

Ibn an-Nafis questioned Galen authority on what?

Answer 20

blood movement by proposing pulmoonary circulation; blood moves from the right ventricle to the left ventricle via pulmanary circuit, not by pores in the septum between the two chambers

Question 21

what are some other aspects of islamic medicine?

Answer 21

human dissection was not allowed in earlier centuries but WAS permitted by the 13th century

There were large public hospitals; the most famous were in baghdad, Damascus and cairo

Question 22

many ancient books have re-entered Europe as what?

Answer 22

Arabic translations

Question 23

the influence of Avicenna in islamic world can be compared to who in europe?

Answer 23

Galen

Question 24

what came out of islamic Alchemy?

Answer 24

modern chemistry

Question 25

what was a large take away from islamic science?

Answer 25

experimental methods

Question 26

its debated that Islamic scholars were merely perseveres and trasmitters of ancient science, or where they original contributer?

Answer 26

in recent days it is accepted that the islamic scholars were not just a transmitter but a contribute

Question 27

to what extent did religious thought in islamic civilization help or hinder scientific scholarships?

Answer 27

yes there was a religious reaction to science

Question 28

why is there no self sustaining revolution in islamic science?

Answer 28

possibly due to Mongolian invasion in 13th century

Question 29

what is scholasticism?

Answer 29

the assimilation of ancient writings into a christian fromework

Question 30

what were the methods of Scholasticism?

Answer 30

definition; logical analysis of texts; reconcilling opposing points of view

Question 31

who was Albertus Magnus? (c 1200-1280)

what was he known as?

Answer 31

know as Doctor universalis

was a literary scholar, an alchemist (had doubts about it), a teacher.

Question 32

Albertus Magnus in terms of his biology was what?

Answer 32

the foremost medieval naturalist

Question 33

what was Albertus Magnus’s view on Aristotle?

Answer 33

he fit his first hand observations into an aristoelian framwork and made Aristotes conception of nature widely known in europe

Question 34

who was Albertus Magnus star pupil?

Answer 34

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Question 35

what did Thomas Aquinas become?

Answer 35

the greatest of the scholastics

Question 36

who was St. Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)?

Answer 36

she was a nun, abbess and mystic who wrote down her religious visions - she was also a healer, a naturalist, a musician

Question 37

who was frederick 2 of Hohenstaufen (1194-1250)

Answer 37

holy Roman Emperor

Question 38

Frederick grew up where and had what type of childhood?

Answer 38

sicily

had very little supervision but became fluent in latin greek Arabic and Italian

Question 39

what was Fredrick’s most important original contribution to science?

Answer 39

was he Art of Falconry

one of the few works of medieval science that is worth anything

Question 40

what was Fredricks religious views?

Answer 40

he did not share the religion, the assumptions or the approach of the other scholastics

he believed in free thought in religious matter but only for himself

Question 41

what did Frederick II establish?

Answer 41

a university in Naples 1224 (still around today)

Question 42

what Frederick charter at the Salerno Medical collage?

Answer 42

a formal curriculum that had standardized exams, and produced many medical treatises with Hippocrates, Galen and Avicenna as influences

Question 43

what did Fredrick seperate the duties of by law?

Answer 43

physicians and pharmacists

Question 44

who was Roger Bacon?

Answer 44

was medieval in spirit, beacuse he was part of the scholastic tradition, was interested in astrology, numerology, magical herbs, gems and alchemy

Question 45

what was different about Bacon’s thinking?

Answer 45

it was modern for its time (gunpowder, telescopes, submarines)

Question 46

at what time period did universities flourish?

Answer 46

scholastic period