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Biol 400 > philosophy, biology and medicine in the ancient world part 2 > Flashcards

philosophy, biology and medicine in the ancient world part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Socartes, Plato and Aristotle represented what?

A

a sharp shift from the purely natural curisity of the lonian philosophers, towards more human centered and theological interests.

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2
Q

Aristotle was the most influential philosopher and scientist in history, when was he alive?

A

384-322 BC

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3
Q

where was Aristotle born?

A

macedonia

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4
Q

what was Aristotle father?

A

physician; Aristotle was instructed in the Asclepiad tradition

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5
Q

when and why did Aristotle go to athens?

A

at 17 to learn philosophy at Plato;s Academy; stayed 20 years but left in anger dissapointed not to be named Plato’s successor as the head of the Acadamy

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6
Q

what and where did Aristotle study?

A

biology on the island of Lesbos

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7
Q

why did Aristotle leave lesbos? what did he do when he left?

A

fled due to revolution

returened to Macedonia and tutored the prince for several years

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8
Q

when he retured to Athens in 334 what did Aristotle do?

A

established his own school, the Lyceum

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9
Q

why did Aristotle have to flee Athens?

A

he was suspected of impiety

died in exle on the island of Chalcis

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10
Q

Aristotle teacher and colleage Plato had no interest in what?

A

in the natural world itself, only in abstract ideas and theology

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11
Q

Ernst Mayr accused Plato of doing what?

A

impeding the progress of biology for over 2000 years,

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12
Q

What are Platos theory of the universe?

A

there exist changeless, eternal, ideal forms. Objects in our world are imperfect reflections of these forms

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13
Q

what was another harmful view of Plato to the development of biology?

A

his belief in Teleological explinations (explanation by inteded purpose, especially divinely

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14
Q

how much of Aristotle writings survived?

A

1/4

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15
Q

what were Aristotle modifications of Platos idelism?

A

forms are ideas, and they are in the world not outside it

potentiality + form = actuality

matter is potentiality; form gives matter reality.

Art analogy - lump of bronze and statue

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16
Q

What was Aristotle’s view of livng things?

A

heavily teleological, like plato’s “nature does nothing without a purpose” the porpose of something was its “final cause”

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17
Q

what were Aristotle’s views of the laws which govern nature?

A

the laws which govern nature are not in nature itself; they are imposed by divine intelligence

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18
Q

what are Aristotle’s systematics? (groups)

A

he never tried to establish a formal classification of things, but he understood that natural groups existed

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19
Q

Aristotle thought anatomy should be what?

A

comparative

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20
Q

what view did Aristotle accept concerning human neuroanatomy?

A

he accepted the erroneous view of the early hippocratics that the brain cools the blood and produces mucus

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21
Q

what did Aristotle thing about the heart?

A

heart is the organ of soul and intelligence

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22
Q

Aristotle’s view on the gut

A

it is where Food is “cooked”

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23
Q

Aristotle’s conception of nature?

A

Geocentric

Everything has purpose

Form dominance

Physics- thought everything had natural place

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24
Q

Aristotle founded what?

A

natural history

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25
Q

what did Aristotle’s approach take from plato that is view negatively

A

plato’s Essentialism, he did not imagine any kind of evolutionary change

26
Q

the library and museum of alexandria was ruled by who?

A

Ptolemy the first was a general in alexanders army and came to rule Egypt and Alexandria

27
Q

The library possessed how many scrolls?

A

700,000

28
Q

the museum was more of what in the modern sense?

A

a university

29
Q

who were Herophilus and Erasistratus?

A

were both physicians and anatomists at Alexandria

30
Q

what were Herophilus and Erasistratus accused of?

A

performing vivisections on chriminals but this is not proven

31
Q

what was Herophilus and Erasistratus view of Blood?

A

blood was synthesized from food and is distributed in the veins

32
Q

was was Herophilus and Erasistratus view on Pneuma (spirit) and muscle movement

A

that the Pneuma is replenished by respiration. Vital pneuma is carried by the arteries to the brain. Here the vital Pneuma is converted into animal spirits, which are carried by the hollow nerves to the muscles. In muscles the inrush of animal spirits causes muscle movement

33
Q

Herophilus and Erasistratus view on veins and arteries?

A

they are dead end canals through which blood and pneuma seep into the tissue

34
Q

Herophilus believed the beating heart trnasmitted what?

A

pulsations to the arteries; both veins and arteries carry blood

35
Q

what was Erasistratus view on arteries?

A

that they have blood only when it seeps from the tissues into the arteries, pathologically

36
Q

Roman Encyclopedism

what were the romans interested in?

A

civic duty and practical subjects, not scientific research. did very little to extend the science done by the Greeks

37
Q

what were the two lives of Pliny the Elder?

A

one in the service of roman society and the roman state( lawyer, civial administrator, millitary officer)

two in the service of scholarship

38
Q

Pliny wrote what?

A

a 37 volume encyclopedia; NATURAL HISTORY.

39
Q

what did Celsus do?

A

he wrote a large encyclopedia of which only the portion on medicine (De medicina) survived

40
Q

what did Celsus believe?

A

Following the hippocrates that surgeons should assist nature

41
Q

De Medicina written by Celsus was one of the first what?

A

first medical books to be printed after the invention of printing

42
Q

Galen of Peramon (AD 130-200)

Galen was what?

A

one of the most influential medical writers of all time, physician, surgeon

43
Q

early in Galens career he was what?

A

a surgeon at the Gladiatorial school at Pergamon

44
Q

who were some of Galens patients?

A

Marcus Aurelius and Commodus

45
Q

what were other physicians view on Galen?

A

he was very unpopular

46
Q

what was Glanes belief in religion?

A

he believed in one god although he was not a christian. he was fiercely opposed to atheistic materialism

47
Q

what was galens view of the human body?

A

highly teleological(what it does not how it became like that)

48
Q

what did Galen and the Hippocrates have in common?

A

ethical practice in medicine. Galen believed that physicians should disdain money and seek wisdom

49
Q

how did Galen study anatomy

?

A

anatomical info from Alexandrian anatomists like Herophilus and Erasistratus

dissection of animals

inspection of patients with severe traumatic wounds, from his days as a gladiatoral physician

examination of bones from destroyed tombs

50
Q

Galen’s biological insights

in his view how was the voice controlled?

A

by laryngeal nerves that lead to the brain

this supported the idea that the brain is the center of thought and reason

51
Q

what was Galens thoughts on Arteries?

A

that they contain Blood not air

52
Q

Galens thoughts on the kidney?

A

make urine, not the bladder

53
Q

what did Galen notice about the gut?

A

peristalsis

54
Q

what did galen do to study the spine?

A

cut it in different places and noted the loss of function

55
Q

Galens thoughts on blood circulation?

A

it moves from the site of synthesis (liver from food) to the tissue

56
Q

what were Galens therapies?

A

balance the Humours with diet

Balance the humours with bloodletting and purging

57
Q

in terms of drugs what type did Galen favour?

A

complex drug mixtures, especially theriac, which was based on a poison antidote

58
Q

what are thses complex drugs called?

A

polypharmacy

59
Q

why did Galens name endure?

A

Religiosity fit with the Christian belief

A lot of his writings were encyclopedic

60
Q

Place the names of these 8 science guys in their historical order from oldest to most recent: Hippocrates, Galen, Thales, Bill Nye, Democritus, Pliny the Elder, Aristotle, Empedocles.

A
  1. Thales
  2. Empedocles
  3. Democritus
  4. Hippocrates
  5. Aristotle
  6. Pliny the Elder
  7. Galen
  8. Bill Nye
    (Oddly enough Democritus and Hippocrates were both born the same year and died the same year according the Wikipedia, so they’re hard to rank)

Biol 400 (21 decks)

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