The scientific revolution and the human body Flashcards
Although Greek and Islamic science had been assimilated by European Scholastics, but the scholastics did very little of what in science?
direct study of nature
Greeks: Science can exist without, but needs
extensive technology
literacy
Middle ages: Technology can exits without
science and literacy
In the middle ages, what did science become established in? What happened to the churchs role?
technology and commerce, not in written scholarship or the church. Therefore the church lost control of science
What was the reformation? Who initiated it?
was initiated by Martin Luther 1517
western European christianity fractured into Catholic and protestant camps
When did Medieval technology stimulate science? What middle age technology had importance in later science?
15 and 16 centuries
wine press–> printing press
trebuchet
horse shoe
a metal plow
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg 1440
What were the benefits of the printing press?
- accurate
- inexpensive
- allowed for widespread literacy
- good, informative illustrations
- no central authority control of information
- altered intergenerational relationships
- individualism
What did geographic discoveries do?
brought back new plants and animals to europe
When and where was coffee introduced?
Europe, 16th and 17th centuries
What did Copernicus (1473-1543) study and what did he argue in favour of?
Astronomy
In his book , on the motions of heavenly Bodies (1543) argued in favour of the heliocentric model of the solar system
What did Kepler (1571-1630) study and what were his findings?
astronomy
he showed that planetary orbits are ellipses not circles, explained by Newton later
What did galileo (1564-1642) study?
what did he discover?
astronomy, physics, math, philosophy, scientific method
was one of the first to use a telescope and he discovered celestial imperfections; sunspots, mountains on the moon, jupiter’s moons
What did Isaac Newton (1642-1727) study and what were his ideas?
astronomy, physics, math, phil of science
idea that the universe operates according to simple, universal quantitative laws, his work was very influential
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
what was the state of his scientific work?
finished very few of them, did not organize or publish any scientific works
What was Leonardo da Vincis affect on anatomy?
he incorporated anatomy into his art
Discovered the heart’s four chambers and valve function
Mapped human nerves and fetal development
What did Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) do?
he produced the first accurate, high-quality book of human anatomy ever published: on the Fabric of the Human Body(1543)
Vasalius’ book was published in the same year as who elses book?
Copernicus
Copernicus was to ptolemy, as Vesalius was to who?
Galen
Vesalius viewed Galenic anatomy how?
Skeptically due to discrepancies noticed
Who did Vesalius do dissections under?
Jacobus Sylvius (a Galenist)
Where did Vesalius graduate and teach ? how old was he?
university of Padua
became a teacher in anatomy right after graduation at 22
How did Versalius aquire his bodies for dissection? Why did he hold his anatomy courses in the winter?
Executed criminals
Grave robbing
Unclaimed hospital bodies
Connections with officials, had to make friends with a judge to obtain bodies
Attending executions
To prevent the bodies from rotting
When did modern medicine “begin”
When Vesalius realized that Galen had never dissected a body
Vesalius’s book had two main virtues what were they? Why was it widely available?
anatomical correctness and high-quality illustrations
It was printed
What were the Fabric of the human bodies 7 parts (Versalius)?
skeleton
muscles
vascular system
nervous system
abdominal viscera
thorasic viscera
brain/ eye
Vesalius’s anatomy went beyond Galen but what did not and why?
His physiology did not
did not propose the circulation of the Blood
What part of Galen’s philosophy did Vesalius accept? Did Galenists accept Versalius’ book?
that the human body was perfectly designed by god, no they denouced his book.
What trend did Vasalius start with his illustrations in his book?
putting bodies in natural situations ( dancing, standing, moving around)
Who was Micheal Servetus (1511-1553)?
An intellect, martyr to freedom of thought and freedom of conscience. A wandering student, scholar, physician, and anatomist.
Followed Vesalius to uni of Paris, did dissections for Jacobus Sylvius and was the first to propose pulmonary circulation.
What was the book that got Michael servetus in trouble?
Restoration of Christianity (non religious)
what did Michael servetus propose in his book and what were his reasons?
Claimed that in order to understand the human spirit, you need to understand the human body:
argument for pulmonary circulation
no pores in septum
pulmonary artery is huge
blood in pulmonary is dark red blood in veins is light red
What was Realdo Colombo (1510-1559)?
anatomist and successor to Vesalius at the university of Padua.
What did Colombo think about Vesalius’s work?
thought that there was anatomical errors in “On the Fabric of the Human Body” He planned to publish his own anatomy book to supercede Versalius work
Who was Girolamo Fabrici (1537-1619)? and what was his book about? Did he work out a model of double circulation?
student and (bad) teacher at the university of Padua
He wrote “On Valves in the Veins”, where he describes valves and veins of the circulatory system, including a map of valves that prevent backflow, and deduced that there are no valves in artieries because the force of the heart is enough to prevent backflow. He did not map out double circulation.
who was William Harvey (1537-1619)?
student of Girolamo Fabrici at Padua.
Physician to two english Kings
Concluded that blood circulates in 1616 (both pulmonary and systemic) Privately
what were William Harvey’s observations and arguments regarding blood circulation in is book “On Movement of the Heart and Blood”?
He questioned the problems around physiology:
- Why do venous and arterial blood only differ in shade, when they have different functions according to galen
- Why do veins have valves while arteries do not
- Why do lungs need so much nourishment
- How much blood is pumped with each heartbeat?
He argued:
- valves in the veins ensure the one way flow of blood (this can be demonstrated on a living person)
- if you tie off an artery in a living animal the side towards the heart bulges
- if you tie off a vein the side away from the heart bulges
- The heart pumps 2ozs blood per heartbeat, or 100 lbs per hour.
What questions did William Harvey leave unanswered?
what does the liver do?
how do tissues get nourished?
what is the function of respiration?
what is the different between blood in artery and blood in vein?
What was the significance of Harvey’s work?
double circuit
model of experimental/ quantitative biology
highlighted mechanical function of organisms
suggested blood transfusions for blood loss treatment
What is Mechanicism?
living processes are the consequence of fundamental laws of physics, mechanics and chemistry
What is Vitalism?
living processes depend upon a vital force that is not explainable in physics, mechanical or chemical terms
Who was Rene Descartes (1596-1650)?
Influential mechanicism
proposed a model of living mechanisms that involved physics and engineering but not chemistry. He was inspired by Wiliam Harvey.
What did Descartes think about the soul of humans vs animals?
Humans are mechanisms that have souls to direct their actins
Animals are mechanisms without souls
What is another biological process that may be mechanical, according to Giovanni Borelli (1608-1697)?
Digestion, as he saw mechanical pulverisation of wooden blocks
Place these notable science guys in order from oldest to most recent:
Galileo Galilei, Andreas Vesalius, Copernicus, Sir Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Leonardo Da Vinci
- Leonardo Da Vinci
- Copernicus
- Andreas Vesalius
- Galileo Galilei
- Johannes Kepler
- Sir Isaac Newton
