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Biol 400 > Islamic World and Medieval Europe > Flashcards

Islamic World and Medieval Europe Flashcards

1
Q

in the islamic world in the 8th to 13th century what was the demographic of scholars and scientists?

A

Arab muslims

Persian muslims

jews

Arab christians
Nestorian christians

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2
Q

science has a transcultural characteristics in terms of what?

A

methods and conculsions

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3
Q

what are the developmental stages of the islamic world? (5)

A

1) awareness of ancient knowledge (greek legacy)
2) Translation from greek to Arabic
3) Assimilation (fit it into the readers world view)
4) new inquiry (new insights)
5) Revolutionary thinking (calculus, physics, atomic theory)

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4
Q

What does Abdus Salaam argue?

A

That islamic science in this period was revolutionary

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5
Q

what are three aspects of islamic civilization encouraged the development of science?

A
  1. Islamic expansion; contact with ancient learning; openess to other cultures
  2. Muhammad (AD 570-632) and the Quran welcomed education and inquiry into nature
  3. the wealth and unity of islamic civilization supported the activities of a secular intellectual class
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6
Q

as islamic civilization started to expand what did the scholars do?

A

start to collect the scattered remains of the classical learning (Library of Alexandria works that survived, Byzantine libraries and House of Wisdom) and translated them

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7
Q

The collecting, translating, and copying of the scrolls was aided by what?

A

by the construction of a paper making plant in Baghdad in 794

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8
Q

what was the Islamic world primary scholarly strengths?

4

A

mathematics

optics

chemistry (alchemy)

medicine

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9
Q

Islamic science was more focused on what than the greeks had been?

A

experimentation

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10
Q

what was the science of Alchemy in the islamic world?

A

provide wealth and longevity through partly practical and mystical attempts

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11
Q

What were alchemists looking for to provide wealth and longevity?

A

Wealth - philosophers stone
Longevity - elixir (gave immortality)

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12
Q

what are 4 examples of discoveries or inventions from the alchemists that provided useful later on ?

A

Apparatus, glassware

distillation - the alembic

solution and precipitation

concepts such as analysis and transformation

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13
Q

Islamic medicine was largely what?

A

practical medicine

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14
Q

islamic medicines main contributions were what? (2)

A

medical encyclopedism and the preparation and use of drugs

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15
Q

who was Avicenna and dates?

A

980-1037
was the greatest islamic intellectual of all

physician but also a mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, physicist, poet, and encylopedist

Discovered Newtons 1st law

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16
Q

what did Avicenna believe about medicine?

A

that it was a science, there was no folk medicine and drugs should be simple

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17
Q

what was Avicennas most important book? What did it incorporate? Who did he borrow from?

A

Canon of medicine
Greek, Roman, Chinese and Islamic medicine.
He borrowed heavily from Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, He also contributed his own experience and synthesis

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18
Q

What subjects were included in Avicennas book of medicine? What did he discuss and stress?

A

Subjects of physiology and psychology
He stressed diagnosis, disease symptoms and disease names (in contrast to hippocrates)
He discussed 650 compound drugs, telling readers how to make them and recommending clinical trials

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19
Q

Why did Avicennas book formed the basis of curriculum in European medical schools?

A

Constantine of Africa showed up at Salerno Medical College in Italy carrying some of his works (1080s)

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20
Q

Ibn an-Nafis (d.1288) questioned Galen authority on what?

A

blood movement by proposing pulmonary circulation; blood moves from the right ventricle to the left ventricle via pulmonary circuit, not by pores

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21
Q

What are the aspects of human dissection and public hospitals in Islamic medicine?

A

human dissection was not allowed in earlier centuries but WAS permitted by the 13th century

There were large public hospitals; the most famous were in baghdad, Damascus and cairo

22
Q

Many ancient books re-entered Europe as what?

A

Arabic translations

23
Q

the influence of Avicenna in islamic world can be compared to who in europe?

A

Galen

24
Q

what grew out of islamic Alchemy? What concepts of chemistry did alchemy introduce?

A

modern chemistry, acids and isolation of elements

25
Q

How did alchemy contribute to medicine and pharmacy?

A

discoveries like nitric acid and alcohol (most important elixr of all time)

26
Q

what was a large take away from islamic science?

A

experimental methods

27
Q

What are three important historical issues of islamic science?

A
  1. Were Islamic scientists contributers or merely transmitters (now accepted that they contributed)
  2. To what extent did religious thought help or hinder science (11th century there was a religious reaction against science, and Islamic science stopped in 13th century)
  3. Why were there no self sustaning revolutions in Islamic science (possibly due to Mongolian invasion)
28
Q

What dominated during the medeival peroid? What happened to science?

A

Dominated by the church and religion
Science was marginalized, but there was still progress through innovation of clocks, horse collars, and the wheelbarrow.

29
Q

what is scholasticism?

A

the assimilation of ancient writings into a christian framework

30
Q

what were the methods of Scholasticism?

A

definition; logical analysis of texts; reconcilling opposing points of view

31
Q

who was Albertus Magnus? (c 1200-1280)

what was he known as?

A

know as Doctor universalis; first great european alchemists

was a literary scholar, an alchemist (had doubts about it), a teacher.

32
Q

What element is Albert Magnus noted for isolating?

A

Arsenic

33
Q

Albertus Magnus in terms of his biology was what?

A

the foremost medieval naturalist, he described and listed plants

34
Q

what was Albertus Magnus’s view on Aristotle?

A

he fit his observations into an aristoelian framwork and made Aristotles conception of nature widely known in europe

35
Q

who was Albertus Magnus star pupil?

A

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), who became the greaest of the Scholastics

36
Q

What basic premise of science did medeival thinkers agree with?

A

Causation (Aristotle)
Material Cause
Formal Cause
Efficient Cause
Final Cause

37
Q

What did Thomas Aquinas do to try and prove the idea of causation?

A

Attempted to merge science and theology, which oppose each other

38
Q

who was St. Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)?

A

Outside scholastic tradition
she was a nun, abbess and mystic who wrote down her religious visions - she was also a healer (no medical training), a naturalist (complied a book of flora, fauna, and rocks), a musician

39
Q

who was frederick 2 of Hohenstaufen (1194-1250)

A

holy Roman Emperor

40
Q

Frederick grew up where and had what type of childhood?

A

sicily

had very little supervision but became fluent in latin greek Arabic and Italian

41
Q

what was Fredrick’s most important original contribution to science?

A

The Art of Falconry

one of the few works of medieval science that is worth anything

42
Q

what was Fredricks religious views?

A

he did not share the religion, the assumptions or the approach of the other scholastics, he may have been an atheist

43
Q

what did Frederick II establish?

A

a university in Naples 1224 (still around today)

44
Q

what did Frederick charter at the Salerno Medical collage?

A

a formal curriculum that had standardized exams, and produced many medical treatises with Hippocrates, Galen and Avicenna as influences
Charter to be a physician
- 3 years general education
- 5 years medicine and surgery
- 1 year apprentice
- Licensing exam

45
Q

what did Fredrick seperate the duties of by law?

A

physicians and pharmacists

46
Q

who was Roger Bacon (1214-1292)? What work of his was published long after his death?

A

Part of the Scholastic tradition and was interested in astrology, numeroloy, magical herbs, gems, and alchemy

Opus Majus which contained knowledge about natural science

47
Q

what was different about Bacon’s thinking, considering he was part of the scholastic tradition?

A

it was modern for its time
- envisioned an encylopdia of science
- experiment cycle
- thought mathematics were important in science
- Knew about telescopes

48
Q

at what time period did universities flourish?

A

scholastic period

49
Q

How did higher education transition in the early Middle ages into the late 11th century?

A

Higher education originally took place in a cathdral staffed by clergy, but started to transform in the first European Universities

50
Q

What aspects of continuity are seen between modern unversities and medieval universities?

A
  1. Physically exist today
  2. Academic independence and freedom

Biol 400 (20 decks)

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