geology

Question 1

The science of geology arose from both________?

Answer 1

practical and theoretical questions

Question 2

What 5 main questions was geology based on?

Answer 2

1. where can we find valuable minerals and metals
2. how did mountains form?
3. where do rivers come from?
4. what are fossils?
5. how did the earth form in the first place?

Question 3

sir isaac Newton’s laws of universal gravitation explained what?

Answer 3

the daily tides and inspired the search for theories of the eatch and its origins that were based on physical laws: cosmogony

Question 4

Archbishop james Ussher published what?

Answer 4

a chronology of human history including events in the bible

Question 5

When did Archbishop James Usher propose that divine creation began?

Answer 5

it began at 12:00 noon on october 23 4004 BC

Question 6

how did Archbishop james Ussher arrive at his precise date for the start of divine creation?

Answer 6

by extensive biblical and non biblical research, which resulted in a 2000 page chronology of all human history.

Question 7

what were the implications of the Genesis view of the origins of the earth?

Answer 7

is that inly one geological event in history significantly shaped the earth: the great flood of Noah

Question 8

Early scientific theories of the earth tried to incorporate what?

Answer 8

the new knowledge of physics and astronomy into an account of the earths origins and history

Question 9

New theory of the earth (1696) by William Whiston tried to explain what?

Answer 9

biblical events by means of cometary events

Question 10

Whiston’s operating principle accepted what?

Answer 10

the bible as literally true, exept if you have reason to believe otherwise

Question 11

According to Whiston and the six days of creation, the point of view of Genesis is the what?

Answer 11

the surface of the earth, not the cosmos as a whole. Genisis is NOT an account of the origin og everything

Question 12

According to Whiston and the six days of creation the earth began as what?

Answer 12

was a comet with a highly elliptical orbit. the orbit was made more circular by god, working through Newton’s laws’ physical laws are the tools of god

Question 13

According to Whiston, what caused the fall of man and expulsion of Adam and Eve?

Answer 13

these things happed due to an impact of a comet hitting the earth

Question 14

According to Whiston, why did the flood occur?

Answer 14

due to close encounter between the earth and the water in the tail of a passing comet Tidal forces cased by the comet opened cracks in the earth surface, resulting in the upward surge of subterranean water, which contributed to the Flood of Noah

Question 15

According to Whiston, what is the coming conflagration?

Answer 15

soon another comet will approach the earth strip our atmosphere, raise molten interior material, and make the earth’s orbit more elliptical

Question 16

What did Whiston mean by “The Consumation”?

Answer 16

Christ will reign for a thousand years, the battle of Armageddon will be fought, the righteous will win and go to heaven. The earth will take a direct hit from yet another comet, and we will be knocked back into a highly elliptical orbit. THE END. LOL.

Question 17

Who wrote Telliamed?

Answer 17

Benoit de Maillet (1656-1738). in which he describes his conversations with a mysterious philosopher from the east

Question 18

What did de Maillet do?

Answer 18

he put radical ideas in the mouth of a character in a fictional story, in order to avoid trouble with the authorities

Question 19

What were some of de Maillet’s radical ideas?

Answer 19

the earth has seen eternal cycles of creation and destruction

oceans once covered the earth

the origin and evolution of life

Question 20

Who was the LAST person to try and integrate a theory of earth’s origins?

Answer 20

BUFFON

and he did it with a theory of geological changes

Question 21

Fossils:

what was the one question about fossils that poised a problem?

Answer 21

why do you find fossils of marine organisms on the tops of fricken mountains?

Question 22

What did fossil skeptics think?

Answer 22

thought that fossils were not remains of organisms and tel us nothing about the life of the past. Extinction seened untenable theologically

Imagine being a fossil skeptic? lol wrong side of history I tell ya

Question 23

What was the theological “problem” with extinction?

Answer 23

the concept of extinction is at variance with the idea that all species were created by a wise, all-powerful god for a specific purpose

Question 24

Genesis palaeontologists thought what about fossils?

Answer 24

fossils were remains of organisms, and tried to fit them into a biblical Framework

Question 25

What did Nicholas steno (1638-1686) do?

Answer 25

wrestled with the “solids within solids problem” in references to tongue stones (how did these fossils get into these rocks)

Question 26

What was Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

three ideas of his?

Answer 26

he was a Genesis Skeptic

sedimentary rocks are not remains of the flood

earths movements reform the earths surface, exposing marine layers

extinction is real

Question 27

What was Neptunism (18th century)?

Answer 27

An attempt to understand geological formations (especially mountains) as a consequence of recession of the oceans and the precipitation of minerals from the receding oceans. Most Neptunists though, made no reference to the bible or the great flood

Question 28

What principle did the Neptunists establish?

Answer 28

The stratigraphical principle of superposition, which had its origins with Nicholas Steno.

Question 29

What was the Neptunists’ opinion on the principle of original horizontality?

Answer 29

supported it

Question 30

What is Plutonism (18th century)?

Answer 30

they emphasized internal heat as an agent of geological change

Question 31

Who was James Hutton (1726-1797)? what did he do?

Answer 31

founded plutonism with Theory of the Earth, with Proofs and Illustrations(1795).

Question 32

what happened to Hutton’s “Proofs and Illustrations” (1795)?

Answer 32

it was condensed and re written for a broader audience by John Playfair in illustrations of the Huttonian thery of the earth 1802

Question 33

What were the two important principles which governed geological thinking what were they?

Answer 33

Uniformitraianism- the causes of geological changes are slow and constant and the same at all times

geological cycles and a steady state earth- continental mountains erode and deposit sediment in oceans; the sediment pressure forms molten magma; the magma bubbles up to the seafloor; ultimately forming new continents. there is no long term directional changes to the earth in this model

Question 34

who was Charles Lyell(1797-1875) and what did he do?

Answer 34

defended Hutton and Uniformitarianism in Principles of Geology 3 vols (1830-1833), this was the 19th century’s most important textbook of geology

Question 35

The stratigraphical column:

when and who assembled the first columns?

Answer 35

1800-1820 by georges Cuvier and William Smith

Question 36

What was the key idea of The stratigraphical column?

Answer 36

fossils are not just a jumble, they tell a chronological story, and therefore they can be used to determine relative dates of geological strata

Question 37

What was the biological significance of The stratigraphical column:

Answer 37

life changes over time

different sites can be related in temporal way

Question 38

debates in the 19th century regarding geology:

what were the 2 opposing points of view regarding the rate of geological change?

Answer 38

1. uniformitarianism- slow, uniform geological change

2. Catastrophism- times of rapid large scale changes separated by times of relative changelessness

Question 39

What were the 2 opposing points of view regarding the direction of geological change?

Answer 39

1. directional geology (buffon, neptunists)

2. cyclic, steady state geology (Hutton, Lyell)