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Psychology: Gender > The role of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender > Flashcards

The role of chromosomes and hormones in sex and gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Structures in the nucleus made up of genetic information

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2
Q

What are the 23rd pair of chromosomes?

A

The sex chromosomes

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3
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

The chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex

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4
Q

What sex chromosomes do females have?

A

XX

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5
Q

What sex chromosomes do males have?

A

XY

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6
Q

What internal and external genitalia do individuals with XX chromosomes normally have?

A

Ovaries and vagina

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7
Q

What internal and external genitalia do individuals with XY chromosomes normally have?

A

Testes and penis

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8
Q

Name two syndromes associated with atypical sex chromosomes.

A

Turner’s syndrome and Klinefelter’s syndrome

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9
Q

What is the sex chromosome configuration in Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

XXY

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10
Q

What is the sex chromosome configuration in Turner’s syndrome?

A

X

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11
Q

What external genitalia do individuals with Klinefelter’s syndrome have?

A

A penis

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12
Q

What external genitalia do individuals with Turner’s syndrome have?

A

A vagina

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13
Q

What characteristics do individuals with Klinefelter’s syndrome have?

A

Taller than normal, less muscular, less facial hair, broader hips, breast tissue + infertile

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14
Q

What characteristics do individuals with Turner’s syndrome have?

A

Shorter than average, no menstrual cycle, webbed neck, narrow hips + cognitive impairments

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15
Q

What does intersex mean?

A

An individual who is neither distinctly male or female due to a biological mismatch

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16
Q

Which hormone is associated with men?

A

Testosterone

17
Q

Which hormone is associated with women?

A

Oestrogen

18
Q

What is testosterone responsible for?

A

Stimulating the development of male-typical secondary sexual characteristics

19
Q

What is oestrogen responsible for?

A

Stimulating the development of female-typical secondary sexual characteristics

20
Q

What feelings does oxytocin elicit?

A

Contentment and calmness

21
Q

What sex is oxytocin associated with?

A

Females

22
Q

What are the 4 AO3 points for the role of chromosomes and hormones in gender development?

A

1) Case study support from David Reimer
2) RWA - intersex conditions
3) Reductionist
4) Ignores role of cultural + social factors

23
Q

What sex was David Reimer born as?

A

Male

24
Q

What traumatic event happened to David Reimer as a baby?

A

His penis was destroyed in a surgery

25
Q

After David Reimer’s penis was destroyed, what did his parents decide?

A

To have him undergo sex change surgery

26
Q

What gender was David Reimer raised as?

A

Female

27
Q

What occurred during David Reimer’s teenage years?

A

He transitioned back to a male

28
Q

What was the norm for intersex babies in the past?

A

Surgery to make their external genitalia look ‘normal’

29
Q

What is the norm for intersex babies in the modern world?

A

To assign them a gender at birth, but not carry out surgery

30
Q

Why is genetic testing for individuals with Turner syndrome good?

A

It allows early detection + hormone supplementation

31
Q

Why is the biological approach to gender reductionist?

A

It ignores the changing gender roles across cultures + time

32
Q

Where were the Batista family from?

A

The Dominican Republic

33
Q

What do the Batista family contradict?

A

The role of chromosomes and hormones in gender development

34
Q

What genitalia were the 4 children of the Batista family born with?

A

Female external genitalia

35
Q

What happened to the Batista children at puberty?

A

The testosterone produced caused male genitalia to develop

36
Q

What chromosomes did the Batista children have?

A

XY

37
Q

Why did the Batista children’s male genitalia not appear at birth?

A

They had a gene for testosterone insensitivity

38
Q

How did the Batista children cope with their gender change?

A

They accepted their new male roles without any difficulty

39
Q

How does the Batista family case study contradict the role of biology in gender?

A

Highlights the importance of culture - community with more fluid gender roles make it easier to move between roles

Psychology: Gender (8 decks)

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