The Ribcage, Sternum, and Upper Cervical Ligaments (quiz 3/exam 2) Flashcards
1
Q
Region of trunk between the neck and abdomen housing major organs of _______________ and _________________
A
respiration, blood circulation
2
Q
What part(s) of the thorax are the site of formation of blood cells in adults and contain red bone marrow?
A
the manubrium of the sternum and the ribs
3
Q
The thorax allows passage between….
A
compartments
4
Q
What does the pleura and pleural cavity contain?
A
lungs
5
Q
What does the mediastinum contain?
A
heart and great vessels
6
Q
What is included in the thoracic cavity?
A
-pleura and pleural cavities containing the lungs
-mediastinum containing the heart and great vessels
7
Q
What is another name for superior thoracic aperture?
A
thoracic inlet
8
Q
If there is an impinged nerve at the superior thoracic aperture/thoracic inlet, then it is called….
A
thoracic outlet syndrome (this is where anatomy and clinical info do not agree!)
9
Q
The superior thoracic aperture/thoracic inlet is bound anteriorly by what?
A
sternal manubrium and costal cartilages of 1st rib
10
Q
The superior thoracic aperture/thoracic inlet is bound posteriorly by what?
A
T1
11
Q
The superior thoracic aperture/thoracic inlet is bound laterally by what?
A
1st rib
12
Q
The superior thoracic aperture/thoracic inlet transmits the trachea, esophagus, aortic arch and branches, superior vena cava, and….
A
several nerves and blood vessels to and from the neck
13
Q
What is the other name for inferior thoracic aperture?
A
thoracic outlet
14
Q
The inferior thoracic aperture/thoracic outlet is bounded anteriorly by what?
A
xiphysternal joint and costal margins (7-10)
15
Q
The inferior thoracic aperture/thoracic outlet is bounded posteriorly by what?
A
T12
16
Q
The inferior thoracic aperture/thoracic outlet is bounded laterally by what?
A
12th rib
17
Q
The inferior thoracic aperture/thoracic outlet contains the ____________ and transmits esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava, nerves and blood vessels to and from the abdomen
A
diaphragm
18
Q
What segments of the thoracic spine connects to the ribs directly?
A
T1-T7
19
Q
What vertebral segment is in line with the arch of the aorta?
A
T4 (brachial plexus trunk is found here including the subclavian and common carotid artery)
20
Q
How many ribs are there in total?
A
24
21
Q
Where is the infrasternal (subcostal) angle found?
think vertebral segment
A
T9
22
Q
Where is the xiphoid process found?
think vertebral segment
A
T10
23
Q
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
A
-manubrium (looks like roman shield)
-body
-xiphoid process
24
Q
How many pairs of ribs are there?
A
12 pairs of ribs
25
How many ribs contain costal cartilage?
rib 1-10 (11/12 do not)
26
What are the 3 functions of the ribcage?
-protect viscera
-assist breathing
-assist body movement
27
The manubrium is found from T___ to T____
T1 to T4
28
What is another name for the manubrium?
manubrium sterni
29
What is the widest, thickest part of the sternum?
the manubrium
30
The jugular notch/suprasternal notch and clavicular notches are found on what part of the sternum?
manubrium (jugular is center top, clavicular is on L/R top
31
The clavicular notches form what type of joint with the clavicles and sternum?
synovial saddle joint
32
What part of the sternum can you find the costal notch for rib 1?
manubrium
33
What is another name for the body of the sternum?
corpus sterni
34
Where is the body of the sternum located?
think vertebral level
T5-T9
35
The body of the sternum has costal notches for which ribs?
ribs 2-7
36
The transverse lines of fusion/transverse ridges of the body of the sternum are formed from how many sternebrae? Where does fusion begin?
formed from 4 sternebrae
fusion starts inferiorly and continues superiorly
fusion occurs between puberty and 25 y/o
37
What is another name for the xiphoid process?
processus xiphoideus
38
When does the xiphoid process ossify into the sternum body?
by age 40
39
What angle is found at the xiphoid process?
infrasternal angle/subcostal angle (found at T9)
40
The manubriosternal joint is found between the....
manubrium and the body of the sternum
41
What type of synovial joint is manubriosternal?
saddle (biaxial)
42
Is the manubriosternal joint primary or secondary cartilaginous?
SYMPHYSIS, secondary cartilaginous (this means its fibrocartilage)
43
What joint makes up the sternal angle at T4-5, and marks the transverse thoracic plane?
manubriosternal joint
44
T/F: the manubriosternal joint is amphiarthrotic but can ossify early
true
45
Is the xiphisternal joint primary or secondary cartilaginous?
primary synchondrosis that will turn to synostoses, which is primary cartilaginous (meaning hyaline cartilage)
46
Which joint is synarthrotic and anchors the rectus abdominis?
xiphisternal joint
47
Which joint is found at the infrasternal angle?
xiphisternal joint
48
What are the 4 ligaments of the anterior ribcage?
1) costoclavicular ligament
2) sternoclavicular ligament
3) interclavicular ligament
4) radiate sternocostal ligament
49
Which ligament is found between rib 1 and the clavicle and keeps the clavicle in place?
costoclavicular ligament
50
Which ligament is found between the sternum and the clavicle in a joint capsule?
sternoclavicular ligament
51
Which ligament is between the L/R clavicles, runs over the jugular notch of the sternum, and keeps the clavicles in place?
interclavicular ligament
52
Which ligament joins ribs 1-7 and sternum together and has a modified joint capsule from ribs 2-7 (planar)?
radiate sternocostal ligament
note: its called radiate bc all the fibers turn in different directions "radiate outward"
53
Is the first rib a synovial joint with the sternum?
NO, its a secondary synchondrosis with hyaline cartilage (primary cartilaginous) joint that remains as cartilage
54
What joint is found between the sternum and rib 1 at the manubrium?
sternocostal joint
-its a secondary synchondrosis, primary cartilaginous joint
-remains as synchondrosis/hyaline cartilage to allow movement
55
What joint is a modified planar joint from ribs 2-7 and is amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)?
sternocostal joint
56
Is the costochondrial joint primary or secondary cartilaginous?
primary synchondrosis, primary cartilaginous (hyaline, slowly becomes bone)
57
Which joint unites the sternal end of the rib with the costal cartilage and is synarthrotic (immoveable)?
costochondrial joint
58
Which joint unites the cartilage of ribs 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, and 9 and 10?
interchondral joint
59
Which joint is a synovial plane joint with ribs from 6-7, 7-8, and 8-9?
interchondral joint
60
Which joint is a fibrous joint from ribs 9-10?
interchondral joint
61
Which joint is synovial and unites facet/demifacets on the head of the rib with facets/demifacets on bodies of adjacent vertebrae at IVD?
costovertebral joint (found from T1-T12)
62
Which joint is synovial planar and unites the facet on the tubercle of the rib with the facet on the vertebral transverse process?
costotransverse joint
63
Ribs attach to the transverse process of the same thoracic vertebra at their...
same number/level
ex: rib 1 to TP1, rib 2 to TP2, and this continues down to T10
note: rib 11/12 do not have neck and do not articulate T11/12
64
Which rib marks the border of the thorax and abdomen?
rib 12
65
What are the atypical ribs?
ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12
66
Who do the atypical ribs (ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12) articulate with?
only one vertebra
67
Which ribs are typical ribs?
3-9
68
What do the typical ribs (3-9) articulate with?
between the vertebrae (on 2 vertebrae)
69
Is vertebra T1 typical or atypical?
atypical
70
Vertebra T1 is an atypical vertebrae. How does it connect to the ribs?
pair of superior costal facets for rib 1
pair of inferior costal demifacets for rib 2
71
Are vertebrae T2-T8 typical or atypical?
typical
72
Vertebrae T2-T8 are typical vertebrae. How do they connect to the ribs?
pair of superior and inferior costal demifacets on the bodies for rib 2-8
73
Is vertebra T9 typical or atypical?
atypical
74
Vertebra T9 is atypical. How does it connect to the ribs?
pair of superior costal demifacets on the body and pedicles for rib 9
75
Are vertebrae T10, T11, and T12 typical or atypical?
atypical
76
Vertebrae T10, T11, and T12 are atypical. How do they connect to the ribs?
pair of superior costal facets on the body and pedicles
77
Which ribs have facets on their tubercles and articulate with the TP of matching number vertebra?
Ribs 1-10
78
Which ribs have no tubercle?
11 and 12
79
Ribs are held to the vertebrae via the:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
1) costotransverse ligament (from TP of superior vertebra to the neck of the rib)
2) ligament of the neck (same level TP to neck)
3) ligament of the tubercle (same level TP to tubercle)
4) joint capsules (at head and at tubercle)
5) intra-articular ligament (from IVD to the head of the rib, for only ribs 2-9, and separates demifacets)
80
Which ligament is found from the IVD to the head of the rib for only ribs 2-9, and separates the demifacets?
intra-articular ligament
81
Which joint in the thorax will fuse in old age?
manubriosternal joint
82
What are the true ribs?
1-7
83
What are the false ribs?
8-10 (no direct attachment to sternum, they are attached to the cartilage)
84
What are the floating ribs?
11 and 12
85
What are the typical thoracic vertebrae?
T2-8
86
What are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?
T1, 9, 10, 11, 12
87
What are the 2 big breathing movements of the ribcage needed for ventilation?
1) elevation and depression of the ribs
2) elevation and depression of the sternum
88
What is known as the "bucket handle" movement?
elevation and depression of the RIBS
89
What is elevation and depression of the ribs created by?
-gliding movements of planar synovial joint (costovertebral and costotransverse joints, sternocostal joints of ribs 2-7)
-sternocostal joint of rib 1 (secondary synchondrosis)
90
Elevation and depression of the ribs and sternum are partially created by gliding movements of the planar synovial joint. This involves costovertebral and costotransverse joints, and sternocostal joints of ribs 2-7. How do elevation and depression of the ribs and sternum differ?
elevation and depression of the ribs are also created by the sternocostal joint of rib 1 (secondary synchondrosis)
elevation and depression of the sternum are also created by the manubriosternal joint
91
Elevation and depression of the ribs is limited by what?
costal cartilage
92
Which joint helps extend the ribs in breathing movements?
costochondral joint
93
What is known as the "pump handle" movement?
elevation and depression of the sternum
94
What is elevation and depression of the sternum created by?
-gliding movements of planar synovial joints (costovertebral and costotransverse joints, sternocostal joint ribs 2-7)
-manubriosternal joint
95
The manubrium is anchored by ________________ ligament and ___________ ligament of rib 1
costoclavicular, transverse
96
Movement of the manubrium is limited by what?
elasticity of costal cartilage, costoclavicular ligament and transverse ligament of rib 1
97
Manubrium movement is assisted by what?
the costotransverse joint and costovertebral joint
98
What part of the spine has the most movement?
cervical spine
99
Which part of the spine has moderate movement?
lumbar
100
which part of the spine has the least movement?
thoracic
101
Do ribs move with the vertebrae?
YES
102
_______________ spaces are widest anteriorly
intercostal
103
What bilaterally widens with inspiration or inhalation?
ribs
104
What contralaterally widens with lateral flexion or extension of the torso?
ribs
105
What narrows with expiration or exhalation and flexion of the torso?
ribs
106
Does scoliosis affect the ribs? If so, how?
yes, the ribs are connected to the vertebrae
so if theres lateral curvature, then both sides of ribs will be affected bc one side will attempt to compensate for the other
107
Does extension promote inhalation or exhalation?
inhalation
108
Does flexion promote inhalation or exhalation?
exhalation
109
Ribs are curved/flat bones that form most of the thoracic wall and are remarkably light and highly resistant. Ribs are filled with ___________ bone filled with _____________________
spongy, red bone marrow (hematopoiesis)
110
Costal cartilage is what type of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
111
What prolongs the length of the ribs and adds flexibility anteriorly?
costal cartilage
112
Which rib has the longest length of costal cartilage?
rib 7 (length decreases superiorly and inferiorly)
113
Which ribs have cartilage that joins to the cartilage of the superior rib to form the continuous costal margin?
ribs 8-10
114
Intercostal spaces are the spaces between ribs and got the name from....
ribs forming superior border
115
How many intercostal spaces are there and what is in the space?
11 paired intercostal spaces housing 11 pairs of spinal nerves (called the intercostal nerves)
VAN sits here (vein, artery, nerve- this is in order from superficial to deep)
116
What is the subcostal space and what does it house?
space beneath the 12th rib, houses T12 ramus and the subcostal nerve (NO VAN here, just the nerve)
117
What are the characteristics of a typical head on ribs (3-9)?
-wedge shaped (for the 2 joint surfaces for vertebrae and IVD)
-costal joint surfaces
-2 facets/demifacets separated by the crest of the head
118
Do typical ribs (3-9) have a neck?
yes
119
What are the typical characteristics of a tubercle on the rib (3-9)?
-tubercle is at the junction of the neck and body of the rib
-theres a facet at the tubercle for the TP of the vertebral body
-the tubercle is a rough site/surface for the costotransverse ligament
120
What is the rough site/surface for the costotransverse ligament?
tubercle of ribs 3-9
121
Where are most rib fractures?
costal angle of rib (on the body)
this is for ribs 3-9 only
122
The costal angle of the rib is aligned with what?
medial border of the scapula (ribs 3-9)
123
Where do ribs curve anterolaterally?
at the costal angle of rib (ribs 3-9)
124
What is the lateral margin of back muscle attachments?
costal angle of the rib (ribs 3-9)
125
Where is the costal groove of the rib found?
on the internal curved surface
126
What has an articulation with the sternum via costal cartilage?
the sternal end of the rib (ribs 3-9)
127
Which rib has a single facet on the head of the rib (posteriorly) to attach to T1 vertebra?
rib 1
128
Which rib is the shortest, widest body, sharpest curve, and nearly horizontal?
rib 1
129
Which rib has a scalene tubercle that separates 2 superior, transverse grooves formed around subclavian vessels (artery and vein)
rib 1
130
Which rib is longer, thinner, and less curved than rib 1?
rib 2
131
Which rib has 2 facets on the head for T1 and T2 vertebrae?
rib 2
132
Which rib has a tuberosity for the serratus anterior on the superior surface?
rib 2
133
Which ribs have only one facet on the head for T10-T12?
rib 10-12
134
Which ribs are short, have a small costal angle and have no neck or tubercle?
ribs 11 and 12
135
Which ribs have costal cartilage at the ends and do not attach anteriorly to any structures (sternum)?
ribs 11 and 12 (may have cartilage tip for protection)
136
A single facet on the head of the rib means that it will attach to body of a single vertebra. Which ribs does this relate to?
Rib 1, 10, 11, 12
137
What are the 3 types of ribs?
-true (pairs 1-7)
-false (pairs 8-10)
-floating (pairs 11/12)
138
Which ribs are known as vertebrosternal?
true ribs (1-7)
139
Which ribs directly attach to the sternum via costal cartilage?
true ribs (1-7)
140
Which ribs are known as vertebrochondral?
false ribs (8-10)
141
Which ribs have an indirect attachment to the sternum via the costal cartilage?
false ribs (8-10)
142
Which ribs are known as vertebral or free ribs?
floating ribs 11/12
143
What is the superior attachment for the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)?
occiput (C0) anterior to the foramen magnum at the basion (craniometric landmark)
144
What is the inferior attachment for the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)?
anterior body of the Cc1
145
What is the pathway for ALL? Is it continuous or segmented?
ALL attaches to the anterior tubercle of C1 and anterior bodies of C2-Cc1= continuous
146
What are the 2 subdivisions of ALL?
anterior atlantocipital (AO) and anterior atlantoaxial (AA) ligament (both are lateral segments of ALL)
147
What is the superior attachment of the anterior AO ligament (subdivision of ALL)?
anterior external border of the foramen magnum of occiput (C0)
148
What is the inferior attachment of the anterior AO ligament (subdivision of ALL)?
superior border of the anterior arch of C1
149
What is the superior attachment of the anterior AA ligament (subdivision of the ALL)?
inferior border of the anterior arch of C1
150
What is the inferior attachment of the anterior AA ligament (subdivision of ALL)?
superior border of the body and TP of C2
151
What is the superior attachment of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)?
anterior border of the foramen magnum of the occiput (C0) and clivus
note: this is the same superior attachment for the subdivision of PLL- tectorial membrane
152
What is the inferior attachment of the PLL?
posterior body of S1
153
What is the pathway of the PLL? Is it continuous or segmented?
PLL attaches to the posterolateral surface of the anterior arch of C1 and posterior bodies of C2-S1 and runs within the anterior vertebral canal = continuous
154
What is the subdivision of the PLL?
the tectorial membrane (it covers smaller ligaments)
155
What is the superior attachment of the tectorial membrane (subdivision of the PLL)?
anterior border of the foramen magnum of the occiput (C0) and clivus
note: this is the same superior attachment for the PLL
156
What is the inferior attachment of the tectorial membrane (subdivision of the PLL)?
posterior body of C2
157
Which ligament covers the cruciate, alar, and apical ligaments of the upper cervical vertebrae and is continuous with the inferior PLL?
tectorial membrane (subdivision of PLL)
158
What is the superior attachment of ligamentum flavum?
occiput (C0) posterior to the foramen magnum at the inferior nuchal line
159
What is the inferior attachment of the ligamentum flavum?
lamina of Cc1
160
What is the pathway of ligamentum flavum? Is it continuous or segmented?
ligamentum flavum attaches to the lamina of C2-Cc1 and runs in the posterior vertebral canal = segmented
161
What are the subdivisions of ligamentum flavum?
posterior atlantoccipital (AO) and posterior atlantoaxial (AA) ligament
162
What is the superior attachment of the posterior AO ligament (subdivision of ligamentum flavum)?
inferior nuchal lines of the occiput (C0)
163
What is the inferior attachment of the posterior AO ligament (subdivision of ligamentum flavum)?
superior border of the posterior arch of C1
164
What is the superior attachment of the posterior AA ligament (subdivision of ligamentum flavum)?
inferior border of the posterior arch of C1
165
What is the inferior attachment of the posterior AA ligament (subdivision of ligamentum flavum)?
superior border of the lamina of C2
166
What are the superficial upper cervical ligaments?
cruciate
-superior longitudinal ligament
-inferior longitudinal ligament
-transverse ligament of the axis
167
What is the superior attachment of the superior longitudinal ligament (cruciate)?
anterior border of the foramen magnum of the occiput
168
What is the inferior attachment of the superior longitudinal ligament (cruciate)?
transverse ligament of the atlas (note: this is also the superior attachment of the inferior longitudinal ligament)
169
What is the superior attachment of the inferior longitudinal ligament (cruciate)?
transverse ligament of the atlas (note this is also the inferior attachment for the superior longitudinal ligament)
170
What is the inferior attachment of the inferior longitudinal ligament (cruciate)?
posterior body of C2
171
What is the lateral attachment of the transverse ligament of the atlas (cruciate)?
lateral mass of C1 to lateral mass of C1 (between tubercles on medial aspects of the lateral masses of the atlas)
172
What are the deeper upper cervical ligaments?
-alar ligaments (2)
-apical ligament of the dens
-anterior atlanto-dental ligament
173
What is the superior attachment of the alar ligaments (2)?
anterolateral border of the foramen magnum
174
What is the inferior attachment of the alar ligaments (2)?
lateral aspect of the dens (C2)
175
Which deep upper cervical ligament has occipital and atlantal portions?
alar ligaments (2)
176
What is the superior attachment of the apical ligament of the dens?
anterior border of foramen magnum
177
What is the inferior attachment of the apical ligament of the dens?
apex of the dens of C2
178
Which deep upper cervical ligament is deep to the superior longitudinal ligament of cruciate?
the apical ligament of the dens
179
Which deeper upper cervical ligament holds the dens in place?
the anterior atlanto-dental ligament
180
What is the anterior attachment of the anterior atlanto-dental ligament?
fovea dentis of the anterior arch of the atlas
181
What is the posterior attachment of the anterior atlanto-dental ligament?
articular facet of the odontioid process (dens) of C2
