The Cranium, Vertebral Column Characteristics & Curves (Quiz 2) Flashcards
What are fontanels?
fibrous membranes of the skull (fetal skull), “soft spots”
also called fontanelles
What are the 4 fontanels we discussed in class?
1) anterior (coronal)
2) posterior (lambdoidal)
3) anterolateral (sphenoidal)
4) posterolateral (mastoidal)
What is another name for the anterior fontanel?
coronal fontanel
At what age does the anterior/coronal fontanel close?
1-3 y/o (last to close!!!!)
Which fontanel is the last one to close?
anterior/coronal fontanel (closes at 1-3y/o)
What is the largest fontanel?
anterior/coronal fontanel
What is the landmark for the anterior/coronal fontanel?
bregma
The landmark for the anterior/coronal fontanel is bregma. What sutures meet here after ossification?
coronal/sagittal sutures meet here
What is another name for the posterior fontanel?
lambdoidal fontanel
When does the posterior/lambdiodal fontanel close?
around 2-3 months (first to close!!!!!)
Which fontanel is the first to close?
posterior/lambdoidal fontanel (around 2-3 months)
this is to protect the baby brain before they start walking
What is the landmark for the posterior/lambdoidal fontanel?
lambda
The landmark for the posterior/lambdoidal fontanel is lambda. Where which sutures meet?
sagittal and lambdoidal sutures
What is another name for the anterolateral fontanel?
sphenoidal fontanel
When does the anterolateral/sphenoidal fontanel close?
about 6 months
What is the landmark for the anterolateral/sphenoidal fontanel?
pterion (note: the p is silent in pronunciation)
The landmark for the anterolateral/sphenoidal fontanel is pterion. This is the joint of 4 different bones. What are these bones?
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-sphenoid
What is another name for the posterolateral fontanel?
mastoidal fontanel
When does the posterolateral/mastoidal fontanel close?
6-18 months
What is the landmark for the posterolateral/mastoidal fontanel?
asterion
The landmark for the posterolateral/mastoidal fontanel is asterion. This is where 3 bones come together. What are these 3 bones?
-temporal
-parietal
-occipital
All fontanelles are typically closed by ____ y/o
5 (any later can cause developmental problems)
Calvaria is made by ________________ ossification
intramembranous
Basicranium is made by _______________ ossification
endochondral
What bone fractures during strangulation?
hyoid bone
What bone is apart of the axial skeleton but NOT a part of the cranium or vertebral column?
hyoid bone
What bone is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone?
hyoid bone
What bone is suspended by ligaments and muscles under the skull and above the rib cage?
hyoid bone
The hyoid bone forms the superior border of the ________________
larynx (voice box)
The hyoid bone forms the superior border of the larynx (voice box) and is attached to the larynx via….
the thyrohyoid ligament
The hyoid bone functions in breathing and swallowing via what muscles?
test q!
suprahyoid mm (produce swallowing) and infrahyoid mm (increase inhalation)
What are the 5 regions of the spine?
-cervical (C1-C7)
-thoracic (T1-T12)
-lumbar (L1-L5)
-sacral (S1-S5)
-coccygeal (Cc1-Cc5)
The 5 regions in the spine protects the spinal cord, while also anchoring and levering muscles for moving the….
trunk and head
What region of the spine articulates with the ribs?
thoracic
What region of the spine has muscle attachment for the pectoral girdle?
thoracic
What region of the spine has bony and muscular attachment for the pelvic girdle?
sacrum
What region of the spine really supports the body weight?
lumbar
The sacrum is how many bones/vertebrae?
1 bone, 4-5 vertebral segments fused together
How many vertebrae are fused together at the coccygeal region?
3-5 fused
The inferior and superior articular processes form a synovial joint in the spinal cord called…
zygopophyseal (facet) joint
if there is 2+ vertebral segments with inferior/superior vertebral notches, then it will be called intervertebral foramen. What travels here?
spinal nerves
What is the vertebral body shape of the cervical region?
rectangular (concave superiorly, convex inferiorly)
On what spinal region is the foramen transversarium located and what travels there?
quiz q!!!!
C1-C7
vertebral aa. runs through C1-C6 and then up to brain (circle of willis)
What is the shape of the vertebral foramen for the cervical region?
triangular
If there is 2+ vertebral segments present, the vertebral foramens will be called the….
vertebral canal
What spinal segments have bifid spinous processes?
C2-C6
What is the shape of the vertebral body in the thoracic region?
heart shaped
What is the shape of the vertebral foramen in the thoracic region?
circular
What does 1 thoracic vertebral segment look like?
a giraffe
What part of the thoracic vertabrae innervates the ribs?
the costal facets/demifacets
What is the shape of the vertebral body of the lumbar region?
kidney-shaped, or bean shaped
What is the shape of the vertebral foramen of the lumbar region?
triangular (smaller than cervical triangular vertebral foramen)
What are the defining characteristics of the cervical vertebrae?
-small and thin
-transverse foramen (C1-C7), vertebral aa. runs here at C1-C6 only
-bifid spinous processes (C2-C6)
-uncinate process (C3-C7, 2+ vertebral segments makes Luschka’s joint, also called uncovertebral joint)
Do all cervical segments have uncinate processes?
no only C3-C7 (2+ vertebral segments makes Luschka’s joint, also called uncovertebral joint)
What is another name for C1?
atlas
Does C1 have a vertebral body?
NO
What is found within the anterior arch of C1/atlas?
-anterior tubercle
-fovea dentis (articular surface of dens of C2)
What is found at the posterior arch of C1/atlas?
posterior tubercle (THERE IS NO SPINOUS PROCESS HERE)
What is found at the lateral masses of C1/atlas?
superior and inferior articular facets
What is another name for C2?
axis or epistropheus
What is found at the dens of C2/axis/epistropheus?
odontoid process
What is the transitional vertebra from cervical- thoracic region?
C7 is a transitional vertebra and it is also called vertebra prominens
The transverse ligament of the atlas has what type of synovial joint?
pivot/rotary
The thoracic vertebrae has rib facets for articulation with the _______ and _______ of ribs (synovial joints). These facets are called superior and inferior facets/demifacets, and transverse facets.
head, neck
note: the ribs articulate with superior facet from above and inferior facet from below
The thoracic spine has what characteristic with the spinous processes?
long and thin (spine will transition to pointing inferiorly)
The thoracic vertebrae is __________ sized w/ _______________ vertebral foramina
medium, narrow rounded
What vertebral region has the largest vertebral bodies?
Lumbar vertebrae
What do the spinous processes look like in the lumbar vertebrae?
Thick, wide, and stubby
What 2 processes can be found on lumbar vertebrae (besides the spinous processes)?
Mammillary and accessory processes (both of these are insertion spots for some muscles)
What is the superior border of the intervertebral foramen?
The inferior vertebral notch
Which vertebral region has segments that look like a moose?
Lumbar segments
What should you be able to find on the sacrum (surfaces, foramina, canals, etc)?
-sacral promontory
-sacral ala
-auricular surface with sacral tuberosity (post-auricular surface)
-anterior/posterior sacral foramina (link to transverse processes)
-sacral canal (lots of stuff in here!!!…)
What links the transverse processes?
Anterior/posterior sacral foramina
What should you be able to find within the sacral canal?
-sacral hiatus
-sacral Cornu
-median sacral crest
-medial/intermediate sacral crest
-lateral sacral crest
What is the bifurcation point of the sacral canal?
Sacral hiatus
After the bifurcation of the sacral canal, the sacral hiatus transitions into what?
Sacral Cornu (one on left and right side)
What is the median sacral crest made by?
The fusion of the spinous processes
What is the lateral sacral crest made by?
The fusion of the sacral transverse processes
The auricular surface of the ala and ilium make up what joint?
SI joint (synovial)
How many foramina are there anteriorly and posteriorly at the sacrum?
8 (lots of nerves run through here to the cauda equina)
The curvatures of the spine are due to what?
Changes in posture and locomotion during development
The spine is originally a _____________ curvature (“C shape”), and then transitions over time into a S curve
concave
The 2 most mobile regions of the spine alter based on….
changes in forces applied on them
What are the normal/physiological curves?
primary and secondary
primary =accommodation/concave curves (thoracic and sacral)
secondary= compensation/convex curves (cervical and lumbar)
What are the primary curves (also known as accommodation curves or concave curves)?
thoracic and sacral
How are primary curves formed?
due to the presence of organs/body cavities
What are the secondary curves (also known as compensation or convex curves)?
cervical and lumbar
How are secondary curves formed?
due to the changes in posture and locomotion during development (develop after birth once baby starts moving)
note: breast feeding baby will cause curve to become convex to help baby hold head up properly)
If for any reason there is a problem with thoracic or sacral vertebrae, then ___________ or __________ will compensate
cervical, lumbar
What are the 3 abnormal curvatures we talked about in class?
-kyphosis (hump back/widows hump)
-lordosis (sway back)
-scoliosis
What is kyphosis an exaggeration of?
primary curvature/concave curvature
Where is kyphosis commonly found (think region)?
thorax
What is lordosis an exaggeration of?
secondary curvature/convex curvature
Where is lordosis commonly found (think region)?
commonly in lumbar alone
also seen in cervical region WITH thoracic kyphosis (this is a compensation)
What is scoliosis?
any lateral curvature
What gender is lordosis more common?
females
What are the 4 embryological causes of spinal malcurvatures?
1) wedge vertebrae (partial unilateral failure of formation)
2) hemivertebra (complete unilateral failure of formation)
3) congenital bar (unilateral failure of segmentation)
4) block vertebra (WORST ONE, its bilateral failure of segmentation)
What are osteophytes?
bone spurs (overgrowth)
What is ankyloses?
abnormal fusion of joints (fuses together!)
Is the hyoid bone part of the cranium?
no
What vertebra have a rectangular shaped body?
cervical
The lateral sacral crest is fused…..
sacral transverse processes
The medial sacral crest is fused…..
zygopophyses joint
The median sacral crest is fused…..
spinous processes
What is the landmark of the posterolateral fontanel?
asterion
What is the landmark of the anterior fontanel?
bregma
What is the landmark of the anterolateral fontanel?
pterion
What is the landmark of the posterior fontanel?
lambda
How many bones do you have in the vertebral column?
26
T/F: the hyoid bone forms the inferior border of the larynx
false! forms the superior border
The primary curvatures of the vertebral column are:
the sacral and thoracic
kyphosis mean?
exaggeration of primary curvature
Of all fontanels, which one is the first to close?
posterior (lambdodial)
The suprahyoid muscles attached to the hyoid bone are related to?
produce swallowing
Which craniometric landmark of the skull is found between the supracillary arches?
glabella
