Terminology & Directions, Skeletal System, and Intro to Arthrology (Quiz 1) Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomical position?
A
-body erect (standing)
-face directed anteriorly with head in natural position, eyes directed anteriorly
-arms adjacent to sides with palms facing anteriorly
-lower limbs together with feet flat and toes directed anteriorly
2
Q
What is prone position?
A
body lying face down
3
Q
What is supine position?
A
body lying face up
4
Q
What is lateral recumbent position?
A
lying on side
5
Q
What is median plane?
Note: also called median sagittal or midsagittal plane
A
vertical plane going through midline of head, neck, and trunk
divides body into equal right and left parts
6
Q
What is sagittal or parasagittal plane?
A
vertical plane that passes parallel to the median/midsagittal plane
divides body into unequal right and left parts
7
Q
What is frontal or coronal plane?
A
vertical plane splitting the back and front
8
Q
What is transverse/horizontal/cross sectional plane?
A
perpendicular to median plane
divides body from top and bottom portion
9
Q
What is another term for inferior?
A
caudal
10
Q
What is another term for anterior?
A
ventral
11
Q
Cartilage allows for movement, __________________, and growth
A
shock absorption
12
Q
Cartilage is resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more ___________ is required
A
flexibility
13
Q
What does costal cartilage attach?
A
ribs to sternum
14
Q
Articular cartilage covers the articulating surfaces (_______________ surfaces) that are part of synovial joints. It provides smooth, low-friction gliding surfaces for free movement.
A
weight bearing
15
Q
Is cartilage vascular or avascular?
A
avascular
blood vessels do not enter cartilage, so its cells obtain oxygen and nutrients by diffusion
16
Q
The portion of bone and cartilage in the skeleton changes as the body ages and grows. How?
A
younger= more cartilage
bones of a newborn are soft and flexible because they are mostly composed of cartilage
17
Q
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
A
1) hyaline cartilage (most common)
2) fibrocartilage (2nd most abundant, found in pubic symphysis and IVD)
3) elastic cartilage (found in the nose and ears for mobility)
18
Q
Periosteum simply means….
A
around the bone
19
Q
Bones are a highly specialized living tissue. Bones are the hard form of connective tissue that makes up most of the skeleton. Each bone is surrounded by fibrous connective tissue called…..
A
periosteum
20
Q
What nourishes the external aspects of skeletal tissue?
A
periosteum
21
Q
What is capable of laying down more bone in healing fractures and growth?
A
periosteum
22
Q
What provides the interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments?
A
periosteum
23
Q
What carries the nerve receptors for pain?
A
periosteum
(this is a protective function for bones to try to prevent damage)
24
Q
Adult bones provide support for the body and its vital cavities. Bones are the primary supporting tissue of the body. Bones protect vital organs and structures. Bones are the mechanical basis for movement (leverage) with joints and muscle attachments. Bones store salts, particularly __________ for homeostasis. Bones produce new blood cells for hematopoiesis in ______ bone marrow. Bones also store triglycerides (fats) in ________ bone marrow
A
calcium, red, yellow
25
What are the 2 functional divisions of the adult skeleton?
axial and appendicular
26
What are the main components of the axial skeleton?
-skull/cranium (22 bones)
-hyoid bone
-rib cage (25 bones)
-vertebral column (26 bones/33 vertebrae)
27
What are the main components of the appendicular skeleton?
-upper limb and pectoral girdle (64 bones)
-lower limb and pelvic girdle (62 bones)
28
What shape are long bones?
tubular
29
What shape are short bones and where are they found?
cuboidal and found only in tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)
30
What is the function of most flat bones?
protection and hematopoiesis
31
Where are sesamoid bones developed/found?
developed within tendons and found where tendons cross the end of long bones in the limbs
Found in the wrist and knee cap (patella)
32
What is the function of sesamoid bones?
protect the tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments
33
Where are sutural bones found?
within the sutures of the skull, not found in all people
34
What are crests?
ridge of bone
35
What is the basic structure of bone?
-body/soma (main structure of bone, usually flat bones, ex: sternum has a body)
-neck (of long bones)
-shaft (body of long bone, called diaphysis/diaphyses which is the ends of long bone)
Body= shaft = soma= diaphysis
36
What are epicondyles? Where are they found?
eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
found in femur, humorous, etc.
37
What are lines on a bone?
linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge (thinner than crests)
38
What are malleoli/malleolus? Where is it found?
rounded process
only found in the tibia and fibula
39
What are protuberances?
bulge or projection of bone
40
What are spines on a bone?
thorn-line process
41
What are trochanters? Where is it found?
large, blunt elevation
only in femur, noticeable at the lateral part of the hip)
42
What are tubercles?
small raised eminence/elevation
43
What are tuberosities?
large rough rounded elevation
44
What are condyles?
rounded, knuckle like articular area, often occur in pairs
45
What are the 2 special forms of condyles?
capitulum/capitula (small round articular head, allows for supination and pronation (radial rotation))
trochlea/trochleae (spool like articular process, acts like a pulley, allows for flexion and extension of forearm and arm)
46
What do synovial joints need?
capsules!
47
What are facets?
smooth, flat area, where bones articulate, and facets are usually covered with hyaline cartilage
allow for gliding movement
48
What are heads of a bone?
large round articular end, similar to condyles
49
What are the 3 types of depressions?
-fossa/fossae
-groove/grooves or sulcus/sulci (same thing)
-notch/notches
50
What are fossae?
hollow or depressed area on bone (small bowl like area)
51
What are grooves or sulci?
elongated depression or furrow on bone
elongated = sulcus in latin
52
What are notches on bone?
indentation at the edge of a bone
53
What are the 4 hole types in bone?
-canal/canals
-fissure/fissures
-foramen/formina
-meatus/meati
54
What are canals in bone?
elongated passage within a bone, like a tunnel
55
What are fissures in bone?
a slit-like opening within a bone
typically seen in the skull
56
What are foramen/foramina?
passage through a bone
57
What are meatus/meati of bone?
blind ended canal, depressed passageway
58
Joints are articulations or junctions between 2 or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton. What are the 2 ways to classify joints?
anatomical and physiological
59
What are the anatomical classifications for joints?
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial
60
What are the physiological classifications of joints?
functional = amount of movement
-synarthrosis (no movement)
-amphiarthrosis (slight movement)
-diarthrosis (freely moveable)
61
What is the physiological joint classification for no movement?
synarthrosis
62
What is the physiological joint classification for slight movement?
amphiarthrosis
63
What is the physiological joint classification for freely moveable?
diarthrosis
64
Bones are held together by ___________ connective tissue
fibrous
65
The amount of movement for fibrous joints depends on what?
the length of fibers in ligaments or the membrane
66
What are the 2 types of fibrous joints we talked about in class?
sutures and syndesmosis/syndesmoses (ligaments)
67
What is the fancy word for ligaments?
syndesmosis/syndesmoses
68
What does the interosseous membrane allow for and where is it found?
allows for limited movement
found between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula
69
What is gomphosis
our gum joints (immoveable)
70
What is dento-alveolar syndesmosis?
Ligaments inside the mouth (gums) where tiny fibers go between the teeth and alveolar processes
71
What are periodontal ligaments?
tiny ligaments that hold teeth in place to the jaw
72
What is the area called of spongy bone between the 2 layers of compact bone?
TEST Q
diploe
73
Bones are usually connected by either ___________ or _______________
hyaline, fibrocartilage
74
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
primary (made of hyaline cartilage) and secondary (made of fibrocartilage)
75
Primary cartilaginous joints are made of hyaline cartilage and has 2 types of synchondroses. What are they?
primary and secondary synchondroses
76
What is primary synchondroses of primary cartilaginous joints?
it becomes synostoses (turns to fused bone)
ex: epiphyseal (growth plate)
77
What is secondary synchondroses of primary cartilaginous joints?
remains as hyaline cartilage (synchondroses)
ex: articular cartilage and rib cartilage
78
What are secondary cartilaginous joints?
-made of fibrocartilage (found in weight-bearing joints)
-symphyses is usually in the median plane (pubic symphysis) and IVD remain as cartilage
-others become bone (symphysis menti becomes bone, when you're born we have 2 mandibles but after 2 years it becomes one bone)
79
The fibrous capsule is the outer or inner layer of articular capsules?
outer layer
80
Articular capsules have a joint cavity. Is this potential or actual space?
potential space
81
What is the inner membrane of the articular capsule?
synovial membrane (which contains connective tissue membrane and produces synovial fluid)
82
What covers articular surfaces and what is its function?
hyaline cartilage protects against friction
83
What is continuous with the joint capsule?
periosteum (note: the periosteum does not cover joint surfaces)
84
Ligaments/syndesmoses can be either extracapsular or intracapsular, and also extrinsic or intrinsic. What does extracapsular mean? intracapsular?
extracapsular = outside capsule, ex: MCL
intracapsular = inside capsule, ex: ACL
85
Articular discs and menisci are intrinsic and are made of......
fibrocartilage
86
Articular fat pads, bursae, and tendon sheaths are extrinsic. What is the function of each one?
fat pads= lubricates structures from friction
bursae= fibrous ligament structure filled with synovial fluid/water to prevent damage (like a pillow)
tendon sheaths= surround capsule and its how muscles attach to bone
87
What does the joint cavity contain?
synovial fluid
88
Is cartilage vascular or avascular?
avascular (takes longer to heal than joint/articular capsules)
89
Joint/articular capsules are rich in what?
blood supply!
Arteries and veins often penetrate capsule, but does not penetrate articular/hyaline cartilage
90
The Hilton Law states that nerves supplying joint capsule also supply the muscles moving that joint and skin covering their distal attachment. What is this referring to?
proprioception and kinesthesia
91
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
1) planar/gliding
2) hinge/ginglymus
3) pivot/rotary
4) condyloid/ellipsoidal
5) saddle/sellate
6) ball and socket/spheroidal
92
Planar/gliding joints are a type of synovial joint and move uniaxially or non-axially. What does this mean?
moves in one direction at a time
ex: wrist, vertebral joints, foot, zygopophyses
93
Hinge/ginglymus joints are a type of synovial joint and moves uniaxially. What does this mean?
moves in one direction at a time- flexion or extension
ex: elbow, fingers, knee
94
Pivot/rotary joints are a type of synovial joint that move in a uniaxial plane. Give some examples of a pivot/rotary joint
-atlantoaxial joint (between atlas and axis "a-a joint")
-radioulnar (between radius and ulna)
95
Condyloid/ellipsoidal joints are a type of synovial joint that moves in a biaxial plane. Give some examples of where this joint type can be found
-atlanto-occipital joint (C0-C1, C0= occiput)
-wrist
-TMJ
96
What is the difference between condyloid/ellipsoidal and saddle/sellate joints?
condyloid/ellipsoidal= concave-convex configuration
saddle/sellate= concave-concave configuration
97
Saddle/sellate joints are a type of synovial joint that moves in a biaxial plane. Where can this joint type be found?
-thumb joint
-carpal/metacarpal joints
98
Ball and socket/spheroidal joints are a type of synovial joint that move in a multiaxial or polyaxial plane. What does this mean and where can this joint type be found?
abduction and adduction movements
-hip joint
-gleno-humeral joint (shoulder joint)
-ear (smallest ball and socket joint)
99
What is the difference between synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, diarthrotic and fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints?
100
Most joints are named for the bones they connect. What are the exceptions?
cranial sutures do not always match cranial bone name
101
What are some factors that will affect range of motion (ROM) at synovial joints?
hint: theres 6 we talked about in class
-structure and shape of articulating bones and cartilage (bony landmarks at joints allow or inhibit movement)
-strength and tension at the joint ligaments (double jointed)
-arrangement and tension of the muscles (hamstrings and touching toes)
-disuse (ankylosis (abnormal fusion of joints)
-aging (losing flexibility, muscle mass, and strength)
-apposition of soft parts (fat, muscles, tumors, etc)
102
Most terms of movement are relative to what position?
anatomical position!
103
What terms of movement are a part of the sagittal plane?
-flexion and extension
-dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle
-hyperextension
104
What is the fetal anatomical position?
everything flexed
note: everything is extended in adult anatomical position
105
What is flexion?
bending or decreasing the angle between bones or body parts
ex: anterior movement above knee
106
What is extension?
straightening or increasing the angle between bones or body parts
107
What is dorsiflexion of the ankle?
extension of the ankle (lifting toes upwards)
108
What is plantar flexion of the ankle?
bends foot and toes downwards
109
What is hyperextension?
extension of a limb or body part beyond the normal limit
110
What terms of movement are a part of the frontal/coronal plane?
-lateral flexion
-abduction and adduction
111
What is lateral flexion?
R and L lateral bending special forms of abduction for only the neck and trunk
112
What is abduction?
moving away from the median plane
113
What is adduction?
moving toward the median plane
114
What is abduction of the digits?
-spreading them apart
-moving the other fingers away from the neutrally positioned 3rd (middle) finger
-moving the other toes away from the neutrally positioned 2nd toe
-the 3rd finger and 2nd toe medially or laterally abduct from the neutral position
115
What is adduction of the digits?
bringing the spread fingers or toes together toward the neutrally positioned digit
116
What is opposition?
movement by which the pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is brought to another digit
117
What is reposition?
the movement of the 1st digit (thumb) from opposition back to its anatomical position
118
What is pronation of the forearm?
rotates the radius medially so that the palm faces posteriorly and dorsally anterior
If the elbow is flexed, palms faced inferiorly
119
What is supination of the forearm?
rotating the radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna, returning the pronated forearm to supination
when elbow is flexed, palm faces superiorly
120
What is circumdution?
-circular movement involving sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
-shoulder and hip joints do this
-pollex- cmc joint
121
What are the 2 types of rotation?
lateral and medial rotation
122
What is medial rotation?
-internal rotation
-brings anterior surface of a limb closer to the median plane
123
What is lateral rotation?
-external rotation
-takes the anterior surface away from the median plane
124
What is eversion?
-move the sole of the foot away from the median plane, turning the sole laterally
-full eversion includes dorsiflexion
125
What is inversion?
-moves the sole of the foot toward the median plane, turning the sole medially
-full inversion includes plantarflexion
126
What is protrusion?
-anterior movement (forward)
-chin (mandible), lips, tongue
127
What is retrusion?
-posterior movement (backward)
-chin (mandible), lips, tongue
128
What is protraction?
similar to protrusion but used for anterolateral movement of scapula
129
What is retraction?
similar to retrusion but used for posteromedial movement of scapula
130
What is elevation (in terms of movement)?
-raises or moves a part superiorly
-shoulders, upper eyelid, tongue, mandible
131
What is depression (in terms of movement)?
-lowers or moves a part inferiorly
-shoulders, upper eyelid, tongue, mandible
