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Osteology & Arthrology > The Cranium (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

The Cranium (Quiz 1) Flashcards

1
Q

The anatomical position of the skull is in what plane?

A

orbitomeatal plane (frankfort horizontal plane)

(natural carrying angle of head and face)

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2
Q

The orbitomeatal plane (frankfort horizontal plane) is extending from the superior border of ____________________ of the temporal bone to the inferior border of the ___________

A

external auditory meatus (EAM), orbit (zygomatic and maxilla)

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3
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the skull?

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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4
Q

How many bones are there in total for the skull?

A

22

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5
Q

The neurocranium is the _____________ and ____________ part of the skull and makes up 8 bones (4 singular on midline, and 2 paired)

A

superior, posterior

note: the 2 paired bones are the parietal and temporal bones

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6
Q

The viscerocranium is the _____________ part of the skull and makes up 15 bones

A

anterior (eyes, mouth, nose)

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7
Q

The neurocranium is a bony case of the brain and the….

A

meninges

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the neurocranium?

A

calvaria (dome like roof) and basicranium (floor or base)

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9
Q

What bones make up the calvaria (dome like roof of the neurocranium)?

A

primarily flat bones

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10
Q

What is the calvaria (dome like roof of the neurocranium) formed by?

A

intramembranous ossification

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11
Q

What is the calvaria (dome like roof of the neurocranium) held together by?

A

sutures

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12
Q

What bones make up the basicranium (floor or base of the neurocranium)?

A

primarily irregular bones w/ flat portions

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13
Q

What is the basicranium (floor or base of the neurocranium) formed by?

A

endochondral ossification (has 3 paired fossae- anterior, middle, and posterior)

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14
Q

What are the 4 singular bones of the neurocranium?

A

frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid

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15
Q

What are the flat bones of the neurocranium (singular only)?

A

frontal bone and occipital bone

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16
Q

What are the irregular bones of the neurocranium (singular only)?

A

ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone

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17
Q

What are the 2 paired bones of the neurocranium?

A

parietal bones and temporal bones

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18
Q

What are the flat bones of the neurocranium (paired bones only)?

A

parietal bones

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19
Q

What are the irregular bones of the neurocranium (paired bones only)?

A

temporal bones (has large flat portion)

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20
Q

What is another name for viscerocranium?

A

splanchnocranium

(there are 14 bones, 15 with ethmoid bone, 2 of them are singular on the midline (3 with ethmoid), and 6 paired)

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21
Q

Which bone is a part of both the neurocranium and viscerocranium?

A

ethmoid bone

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22
Q

The viscerocranium developed from mesenchyme of the _______________________

A

embryological pharyngeal arches

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23
Q

The viscerocranium forms the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and most of the…

A

orbits

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24
Q

What are the 3 singular bones of the viscerocranium?

A

vomer, mandible, and ethmoid

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25
Q

What is the flat singular bone of the viscerocranium?

A

vomer

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26
Q

What are the irregular singular bones of the viscerocranium?

A

mandible and ethmoid bone

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27
Q

What are the 6 paired bones of the viscerocranium?

A

1) nasal
2) lacrimal
3) inferior nasal conchae
4) maxilla
5) zygomatic
6) palatine

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28
Q

What are the flat paired bones of the viscerocranium?

A

nasal and lacrimal

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29
Q

What are the irregular paired bones of the viscerocranium?

A

1) inferior nasal conchae
2) maxilla
3) zygomatic
4) palatine

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30
Q

What are the names of the neurocranial sutures?

A

-coronal/frontal
-sagittal
-squamosal
-lambdoidal

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31
Q

The viscerocranial sutures are named for….

A

bones they join

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32
Q

The neurocranium contains the basilar suture. What is another name for this and when is it fused?

Test q

A

spheno-occipital

fusion forms foramina lacera (closed by cartilage)

fused by age 18 typically (gives brain time to grow)

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33
Q

Primary synchondroses come from…..

A

Cartilage

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34
Q

TMJ has a fibrocartilage disc in the _______________ fossa. This is internal to the joint capsule

A

Mandibular

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35
Q

The TMJ has a temporomandibular ligament that is also called the ______________________ ligament.

A

External lateral ligament

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36
Q

The TMJ has a temporomandibular ligament that is also called the external lateral ligament. It is found at the lower articulation tubercle of zygomatic arch to the posterior and lateral borders of the….

A

Neck of the mandible

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37
Q

The TMJ has a temporomandibular ligament that is also called the external lateral ligament. What is the function of this ligament?

A

To prevent posterior displacement of the mandible

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38
Q

The TMJ has syndesmoses (ligaments) external to the joint capsule, what are the two we talked about in class?

A

-stylomandibular ligament
-sphenomandibular ligament (also known as the internal lateral ligament)

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39
Q

The TMJ has 2 ligaments external to the joint capsule. One of them is the stylomandibular ligament. It is found at the ____ of the stylomandibular process to the angle and posterior border of angle of the mandible

A

Apex

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40
Q

The TMJ has 2 ligaments external to the joint capsule. One of them is the stylomandibular ligament. What is its function?

A

To limit mandibular movement

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41
Q

The TMJ has 2 ligaments external to the joint capsule. One of them is the sphenomandibular ligament (also called the internal lateral ligament). It is found at the spine of the sphenoid (___________________________) to lingula of mandible

A

Posterior to foramen spinosum

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42
Q

The TMJ has 2 ligaments external to the joint capsule. One of them is the sphenomandibular ligament (also called the internal lateral ligament). What is its function?

A

Primary passive support of the mandible

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43
Q

Is this a male or female skull?

A

Male

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44
Q

Does the cranial wall vary in thickness?

A

Yes!

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45
Q

The thinner areas of the cranial wall are usually covered by what?

A

Muscles

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46
Q

The skull is generally thinner in who?

A

-thinner in females than males (females also have a rounder skull)
-thinner in children and elderly (elderly is bc of osteoporosis where there’s a loss of calcium)

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47
Q

Diploe bones are the layer of cancellous (spongy) bone between the outer layers of the bones of the…..

A

Calvaria

Basically:
Compact bone
Spongey bone
Compact bone

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48
Q

Diploe is spongey bone that contains what type of bone marrow?

A

Red bone marrow (erythrocytes are made here)

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49
Q

What veins are found at the Diploe (spongey bone of calvaria)? What do they do?

A

Diploic veins drain wastes from the dura mater

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50
Q

What are the thickened areas of bone formed to protect weaker regions called?

A

Buttresses

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51
Q

Buttresses are thickened areas of bone formed to protect weaker regions that transmit forces by bypassing the fragile bones of the ________ and ___________ reinforcing the jaw

A

orbit, nasal cavity

52
Q

The zygomatic arch-lateral orbital margin buttresses is found at the lateral ____________ wall and lateral orbital wall, to the upper transverse maxillary and ________________

A

maxillary, orbital floor

53
Q

The masticatory plates are also known as chewing plates and contain 4 buttresses.
1) lower transverse maxillary + palate
2) upper transverse mandibular
3) posterior vertical
4) ?

A

posterior maxillary

54
Q

Where are the frontonasal buttresses found?

A

medial maxillary + medial orbital wall

55
Q

The occipital buttresses are found laterally from the __________________ of the temporal bone and posteriorly from the ____________________ and EOP

A

mastoid process, inferior nuchal line

56
Q

Where are the frontal buttresses found?

A

along the frontal eminences

57
Q

What 7 bones make up the orbit?

Test q

A

-frontal
-maxillary
-zygomatic
-sphenoid
-palatine
-ethmoid
-lacrimal

58
Q

The frontal bone is 1/7 bones that makes up the orbit. What part of the frontal bone makes up the orbit?

A

the orbital plate/process of the frontal bone

59
Q

The maxillary bone is 1/7 bones that makes up the orbit. What part of the maxillary bone makes up the orbit?

A

the frontal plate/process of the maxillary bone

60
Q

The sphenoid bone is 1/7 bones that makes up the orbit. What part of the sphenoid bone makes up the orbit?

A

greater wing of the sphenoid

61
Q

What is the roof of the orbit?

A

frontal bone (specifically the orbital plate/process)

62
Q

What is the floor of the orbit?

A

maxillary (frontal process)

63
Q

What is the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

zygomatic bone

64
Q

What is the posterior wall of the orbit?

A

sphenoid bone (greater wing)

65
Q

What are the 2 posteriomedial walls of the orbit?

A

palatine and ethmoid

66
Q

What is the anteriomedial wall of the orbit?

A

lacrimal

67
Q

Nasolacrimal ducts run within the _____________________ to the inferior nasal meatus (tears drain into the meatus)

A

lacrimal foramen

68
Q

Why is the eye fragile?

A

its made up of 7 bones, so blow out fractures are common when something gets past the buttresses because theres so many bones here, it makes it more vulnerable for fractures/bruising

69
Q

Is the internal nasal septum bone or cartilage?

A

bone

70
Q

What bone is the superior nasal septum (internal septum)?

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

71
Q

What bone is the inferior nasal septum (internal septum)?

A

vomer

72
Q

Is the external nasal septum bone or cartilage?

A

cartilage

73
Q

What cartilage is at the anterior plate of the external septum?

A

septal cartilage (hyaline)

74
Q

What is the external nose called and what cartilage is there?

A

tip and ala (w/ very little elastic cartilage)

75
Q

What is another name for the nasal conchae?

A

turbinates

76
Q

What nasal conchae are a part of the ethmoid bone?

A

superior and middle nasal conchae

77
Q

What nasal conchae is NOT a part of the ethmoid bone?

A

inferior nasal conchae

78
Q

The nasal meati are found _________ each nasal conchae, respectfully. For example, the superior nasal meatus is found between the superior and middle nasal conchae.

A

below

79
Q

What 2 structures are found within the middle nasal meatus?

A

ethmoid bulla and semilunar hiatus

80
Q

What sinuses drain into the semilunar hiatus?

A

frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses

81
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

1) ethmoid
2) frontal
3) sphenoid
4) maxillary

82
Q

The paranasal sinuses drain into the ________

A

nose (there are more specific locations for each one!)

83
Q

Where does the ethmoid sinus drain into?

A

the middle and superior meatus

84
Q

Where does the frontal sinus drain into?

A

the middle meatus

85
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain into?

A

the sphenoethmoidal recess (posterior to the superior concha)

86
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain into?

A

the middle meatus

87
Q

Tears drain from the ________________ (orbit) to the inferior nasal meatus

A

lacrimal foramen

88
Q

T/F: all fluids are either expelled from the nose or swallowed

A

true!

89
Q

What does pneumatized mean?

A

open air space, contains sinuses or air cells

90
Q

What are the functions of pneumatized bones?

A

-lightening the skull (weight)
-warming/moistening air
-reverberate the voice
-resonate/projection

91
Q

What sinuses get smaller with age?

A

frontal sinuses

92
Q

The alveolar fossae in the maxillae may cause intrusions into the maxillary sinus and result in pain where?

A

tooth pain

93
Q

The parotic sinus is found next to which gland?

A

parotid gland

94
Q

Is the parotic sinus pneumatized?

A

yes

95
Q

The parotic sinus is near the parotid gland and mastoid process. What are its air cells/sinus called?

A

mastoid air cells

96
Q

The parotic sinus is connected to what? Additionally, what cranial nerve runs through here?

A

parotic sinus is connected to inner ear

CN VII runs through here

97
Q

If there is inflammation at the parotic sinus, would it affect balance or hearing more?

A

balance more than hearing

98
Q

What are the smallest bones of the body?

A

the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

99
Q

Are the ossicles a part of the skull structure?

A

no

100
Q

Where are the ossicles housed?

A

inside petrous pyramid of the temporal bone

101
Q

Are the ossicles paired or unpaired?

A

paired

102
Q

What is another word for malleus?

A

hammer

103
Q

The malleus/hammer is attached to the tympanic membrane by what joint?

test q

A

fibrous joint

104
Q

What is another word for incus?

A

anvil

105
Q

What is another word for stapes?

A

stirrup

106
Q

The stapes is attached to the oval window of the vestibule of the labyrinth by what joint?

A

fibrous joint

107
Q

What type of joints are between the ossicles?

A

synovial (saddle or ball and socket depending on location)

108
Q

What is the smallest saddle joint in the body?

A

incudomallear

109
Q

What is the smallest ball and socket joint in the body?

A

incudostapedial

110
Q

The infratemporal fossa is the space between the ____________________ and _____________ bone

A

zygomatic arch, temporal

111
Q

What muscle sits at the infratemporal fossa?

A

temporalis m.

112
Q

What lies deep to the infratemporal fossa?

A

-pterygomaxillary fissure (border of opening)
-pterygopalatine fossa (space)
-sphenopalatine foramen (opening in the medial wall of the pterygopalatine fossa)

113
Q

What are the functions of the fetal skull?

A

-protect brain
-collapse for birth canal
-growth for skull
-form facial openings

114
Q

One of the functions of the fetal skull is to form facial openings. What are they?

A

-orbit (protection of ocule)
-oral cavity
-nasal cavity

115
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity?

A

allows for mastication, deglutition, emission, tussis, and sucking

116
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

A

allows for venitilation and sternutation (sneezing)

117
Q

Fetal skulls have “bossing” which is palpable where?

A

frontal, parietal, and occipital eminence

118
Q

Where is the site of initial intramembranous ossification?

A

on flat bones of the neurocranium of a fetus

119
Q

How many bones are a part of the neurocranium for a fetus?

A

9 (2 frontal bones)

120
Q

How many bones are a part of the viscerocranium for a fetus?

A

15 (16 w/ ethmoid, 2 mandibular bones)

121
Q

When do fetal neurocranial sutures begin to fuse and when are they completely fused?

A

begin fusing at around 24 y/o and fuse completely by 30-40 y/o

122
Q

Do the neurocranial sutures disappear after they fuse?

A

potentially, they may never completely obliterate

123
Q

What are the 4 sutures that can be seen sometimes even after fusing?

A

-coronal/frontal
-sagittal
-lambdoidal
-squamosal

124
Q

What suture fuses at 18 y/o?

A

basilar suture

125
Q

What suture fuses at 3-9 months of age?

A

metopic suture (makes 2 frontal bones into 1 bone!)

126
Q

Babies are born with 2 mandibular bones. This is called symphysis menti, or mandibular symphysis once it becomes one bone. What age does it fuse and what cartilage is there?

A

fuses at 1-2 y/o

fibrocartilage is here and its synarthrotic

Osteology & Arthrology (9 decks)

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