The Revollt Of The Northern Earls Flashcards
How did Mary, Queen of Scots pose a double threat to Elizabeth?
- Mary had a legitimate claim to be Queen of England
- She was a catholic and a potential figurehead for those Catholics in England and abroad who wanted to see the end of Protestant rule in England
Mary, Queen of Scots’ claim to the throne:
Came from her grandmother, Margaret Tudor, who was the daughter of Henry VII
Who was Mary, Queen of Scots married to:
Spanish King Philip II
What countries would have wanted to see Elizabeth removed from the throne: (2)
- France
- Spain
How did Mary’s continuing connection with France enhance Elizabeth’s security?
France’s great rival, Spain, would not support a French candidate to be Queen of England as the French would be able to control the English Channel, which would prevent the Spanish King Phillip II reaching the lands e controlled in the Netherlands.
What family was Mary related to in France, which kept her links strong?
The Guise family
Who was Elizabeth’s most trusted councillor?
William Cecil
Members of the nobility on Cecil:
Many resented Cecil’s influence with the queen as he seemed to be leading the country into a war with Catholic Spain
When were Anglo-Spanish relations starting to deteriorate?
By 1568
What had broken out in the Netherlands?
A Protestant-led rebellion had broken out against Spanish rule in the Netherlands, which created fears in England for a possible invasion
How had the Protestant-led rebellion in the Netherlands been put down?
Put down with considerable brutality by the sPANISH IN 1567-68
What occurred in December 1568?
4 Spanish ships were carrying bullion to pay the Spanish troops in the Netherlands had taken refuge from pirates in England
What had Cecil ordered happened to these Spanish ships?
To be seized
How did the seizure of the Spanish ships affect Spain/
Cut off the Spanish army’s pay and the Spanish government reacted angrily
What was the aim of the Court nobles?
To remove Cecil and did not intend to remove Elizabeth from power
Members of the Court plot against William Cecil: (3)
- Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
- Northumberlandland
- Westmorland
What did the Court plot include:
The Duke of Norfolk would marry Mary
Why did they want Norfolk to marry Mary?
Elizabeth’s consistent refusal to marry or to name her successor worried her advisers, who feared the political instability that would occurs if she were to die suddenly without an heir
Who was he Court plot popular amongst? (2)
- Resentful Catholic courtiers
- Elizabeth’s favourite, the Earl of Leicester
Why did the Earl of Leicester prepared to support the plan?
Thought that Mary could be restored to the Scottish throne with Norfolk at her side and that Mary would convert to Protestantism in order to keep her Scottish crown and ensure the friendship of England
When had Elizabeth heard about the Court plan?
September 1569
Reaction of Elizabeth to the Court plan:
Furious and forbade any further discussion of the marriage
Why was the Court plan dangerous for Elizabeth:
May encourage discontented English Catholics to try to overthrow Elizabeth
What did many involved in the plot, including Dudley and Norfolk do?
Eventually submitted to the Queen and admitted to their involvement in the plot
Norfolks role in the Court plot:
Leading member and the Chief beneficiary of the plot to marry Mary and remove Cecil
Who was the most powerful member of the Nobility?
Duke of Norfolk
September 1569:
Norfolk left Court at London and decided not to go to the North to raise rebellion with Westmorland and Northumberland and instead went to his estates at Kenninghall to decide what to do
What did Norfolk decide to do on October 1569?
Remain loyal to Elizabeth and wrote to Westmorland telling him not to rebel
What happened to Norfolk when he returned to Court?
Imprisoned in the Tower
Religion in the North:
Predominately Catholic
In the 1560s, what percentage of the leading families in Yorkshire were Catholic?
About 75%
Effects of the 1559 Settlement and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) on religion in the North:
These religious policies were as moderate as possible so Catholics had accepted it
What did the government fear about the loyalties of Catholics?
Catholics would have divided loyalties to the Queen and the Pope
Church Papists:
Conformed to the Church of England
What was enforced more harshly as fears of a Catholic rising increased?
The religious settlement
Who did Elizabeth appoint to the northern Church and Government?
Appointed a series of men with strong Protestant convictions
Why did Elizabeth appoint men with strong Protestant convictions in the North?
To spread Protestant ideas in the region while clamping down on Catholic activity
Who was the most important Church appointment in the North?
James Pilkington as Bishop of Durham
James Pilkington:
Radical Protestant views and preached against both Catholicism and the power of the traditional nobility
What did James Pilkington and his followers among the clergy do?
Began a campaign to eradicate traditional practices in the diocese of Durham and removed church furniture and religious imagery, which made them unpopular locally
What had Mary I done between 1553 and 1568?
Had appointed members of the traditional northern nobility to important strategic and political posts in the North
Government intervention in the North:
Appointment of Protestant outsiders to key posts in the North
What happened to the rebels that were replaced from these positions in the north?
Felt overlooked
Lord Hunsdon:
Elizabeth’s cousin, who became Warden of the East March in 1568
Why was Lord Hunsdon appointed to this position despite having no lands or connection with the region?
His appointment was a deliberate attempt to extend royal control in a region where Elizabeth feared a challenge to her authority
Sir John Forster:
Appointed as Wardern of the Middle March
Who was the Council of the North run by?
Thomas Radcliffe, Earl of Sussex
What was Thomas Radcliffe appointed as in July 1568?
President of the Council
Thomas Radcliffe’s relation to the queen:
Cousin
How did Government intervention affect views in the North?
Growing religious and political tensions and increasing resentment felt by the northern Catholics
Economic effects on the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland:
The appointment of their rivals to key positions, which had once been theirs meant that they lost the incomes these posts had brought
What did Northumberland do in 1562?
Wrote to the Earl of Pembroke asking him to ask the queen for a grant of £1,000
What did the Earl of Westmorland forced to do financially?
Forced to borrow £80 from Sir George Bowles in 1568
What had Northumberland try to claim?
In 1568, Northumberland tried to claim compensation for the rights to a copper mine that had been discovered on his estates
How did the Crown react to the compensation request by Northumberland?
Refused to pay him anything
When had Mary arrived to England?
May 1968
Why was Mary’s arrival particularly awkward for Elizabeth?
Mary was expecting refuge and help in regaining the Scottish throne and was treated well, but her potential claim to the English throne made her a threat and was not allowed to live freely in England
Why was Mary’s presence a threat to the crown of Elizabeth’s?
She was a potential figurehead around whom discontented Catholics might rally
Why was there threats of foreign intervention? And why was this threat minimal?
Due to the deteriorating relations with Spain, though Philip II was still reluctant to help someone with links to France
Where was Mary placed in 1569?
Comfortable imprisonment and moved to Tutbury Castle
Why couldn’t Elizabeth execute Mary?
If she executed another anointed monarchy it would set a dangerous precedent for her own English subjects to do the same
Why was it not practical to help Mary regain the Scottish throne?
Having a minor (James VI) on the Scottish throne would weaken the potential threat of invasion as they would lack the necessary leadership of a strong adult monarch
Earl of Moray:
The regent who controlled Scotland and its baby king was Protestant
Mary’s son and heir:
James VI
How did Mary’s children challenge Elizabeth?
There was a ready-made dynasty waiting to succeed Elizabeth
