How did the relationship between the state and church change? Flashcards
Acts of Parliament:
- Sole right to grant taxation
- Sole right to pass laws
Monarch rights over parliament:
- Veto any laws
- Summon and dismiss parliament at will
Two chambers of parliament:
House of Lords and House of Commons
What was necessary to vote?
To own property which generated income worth 40 shillings per year
What was common for the nobility to do to ensure their clients were elected?
Exercise patronage
Why did Henry VII call Parliament mostly for?
Needed grants of taxation to fund wars
How many times did Henry VII summon Parliament?
7 times
Opposition from parliament to Henry VII:
Parliament of 1504, Henry was forced to accept a small sum in taxation than he asked for due to opposition from the Commons
Henry’s first parliament:
After his victory at Battle of Bosworth to enhance his claim to be king
What did Parliament pass a series of to convict Henry’s enemies?
Acts of Attainder
How many times did Parliament meet between 1509 and 1529 and why?
4 times, mainly to grant taxation to fund Henry VIII’s wars
Granting taxation in 1513:
Was not too difficult to persuade parliament as Henry’s wars were going well
Granting taxation in 1517:
Most of the initial gains made by Henry had been lost, parliament became less keen to grant increasing amounts of taxation
Thomas Wolsey and Parliament:
in 1524, Wolsey met stiff opposition from Commons to exact the amount of taxation he wanted
How much had taxation raised by 1523?
£288,814
How much had loans, which had not been repaid, totalled?
£260,000
Apart from the tensions in 1523, relations between the king and parliament remained…
Harmonious
What did Henry attempt to get from Parliament in 1529?
An annulment to his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Head of the Catholic Church:
The Pope, placed in the position by God
What did the church teach were real places?
Heaven, Hell and Purgatory
How did the Church affect every aspect of ordinary people’s lives? (4)
- Children were baptised into the Church
- Church performed marriages and funerals
- Key source of alms
- Cared for the sick and elderly
Transubstantiation
During Mass, the bread and wine used for Communion becomes the body and blood of Jesus Christ
What was the Church the main source of?
Education and learning
What language were church services in?
Latin
What were boys offered the opportunity for? (2)
-Route to power and increase status
- Monasteries offered boys the opportunity to read and write and the opportunity to go to one of the two English universities, Oxford or Cambridge
What is an example of a career in Church allowing someone to rise to power?
Thomas Wolsey - Through Church education and career, he was able to rise to be Henry VIII’s Chancellor and chief minister
Before 1529, the relationship between the monarch and the church was…
Harmonious
What did tension arise from between the church and monarch before 1529?
Over the power and privilege of the church
Examples of tensions between the church and monarch: (3)
- Appointment of senior churchmen
- Church’s rights over sanctuary and benefit of the clergy
- Ability of the papacy to intervene in English church affairs
Why did Henry VII need the support of the church?
Equated to support from God for his victory at the Battle of Bosworth
When had Henry VII upheld the traditional privileges of the church? (2)
- Prepared to override sanctuary laws in order to arrest Humphrey who plotted against him in 1486
- In 1489 and 1491, Henry passed laws tightening controls over who could claim benefit of clergy (but this seems to have been part of an attempt to ensure that those claiming this privilege were genuinely members of the clergy)
An example of harmony between Church and state:
Henry VIII was able to ensure that the pope appointed Henry’s own candidate, John Morton, to the top position in the English Church, Archbishop of Canterbury
Anticlericalism in parliament: (2)
- In 1512, there was another Act to limit benefit of the clergy
- in 1515, the Hunne affair, a rich London merchant accused of heresy had been found dead while in the Bishop of London’s prison
What did Henry VIII regard himself as?
Loyal Catholic
What book did Henry publish?
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (The Defence of the Seven Sacraments)
When was Thomas Wolsey appointed cardinal by the pope?
1515
Why did Henry VIII want to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon?
Provided no male heir
Why did the pope, Clement VII, not give Henry VIII an annulment?
He was under the control of Catherine’s nephew, Charles, the Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of Spain
Who replaced Thomas Wolsey?
Thomas Cromwell
How did Cromwell find the solution to Henry’s control?
Used parliament to break from papal control and to place Henry as the head of the English Church
How had Parliament threatened the English Church?
Act in Conditional Restrain of Annates
Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates:
Put a temporary stop to payments to Rome
When was the Act in Conditional Restrain of Annates?
1532
When was the Submission of the Clergy?
1532
Submission of the Clergy: (3)
- English churchmen agreed to accept power over them
- Were not allowed to call Convocation without his permission
- Were not allowed to pass canons (Church laws) without his agreement
When was the Act of Restraint of Appeals?
1533
Act of Restrain of Appeals: (2)
- Stopped legal appeals in Church court cases being sent to Rome
- Created statute law
When was the first Act of Supremacy?
1534
Act of Supremacy:
Confirmed Henry VIII as the head of the English Church under English law
When was the Act of Succession?
1534
Act of Succession:
Declared that his first marriage to Catherine had never been valid, making Mary illegitimate
What was the supremacy given by the Act of Parliament?
Statute law, those who disobeyed the law could be punished under that law
When was the Treason Act?
1534
Treason Act:
Not only actively plotting against the king, but also speaking against him and the supremacy were considered treason
What were all religious houses forced to take?
An oath
What was Cromwell appointed as in 1535?
Vicegerent in Spirituals
What church privileges were abolished?
Benefit of clergy and sanctuary
What did Cromwell mastermind as Vicegerent in Spirituals?
The dissolution of the monasteries
Results of Valor Ecclesiasticus:
In 1536, an Act of Parliament was passed to dissolve smaller monasteries
Results of Valor Ecclesiasticus:
In 1536, an Act of Parliament was passed to dissolve smaller monasteries
When were all monasteries dissolved?
1540
How much money did Henry VIII acquire?
$1.3 million
When was the Act of Ten Articles?
1536
Act of Ten Articles:
- First attempt to define the doctrine of the new English Church
- Article on the Eucharist was deliberately ambiguous in its language
- The number of sacraments decreased from 7 to 3
When was the Act of Six Articles?
1539
Act of Six Articles:
Reinforced Catholic doctrines such as transubstantiation
When was Cromwell’s execution?
1540
When was the publication of the King’s book?
1543
When was the Act of Uniformity?
1549
Act of Uniformity:
Introduced Thomas Cranmer’s new English Book of Common Prayer and made its use compulsory in all church services
When did Cranmer produce a more protestant version of the Book of Common Prayer?
1552
What did the second Book of Common Prayer do?
- Replaced the Catholic stone altar with a wooden table
- Told the clergy to wear a plain surplice rather than their traditional vestments
What did Mary attempt to do?
Restore the English Church to Rome
Why was Mary unsuccessful in returning to Rome?
- Rebellion in 1554 led by Sir Thomas Wyatt
- Not able to demand the return of former monastic land
What was Mary able to repeal?
1534 Act of Supremacy by her own Act of Parliament in 1554
Elizabeth and Cecil’s two bills:
Bills for supremacy and for uniformity
What title did Elizabeth give herself and why?
Supreme Governor to appeal to both Catholics and some protestants
What had to be taken under Elizabeth as a result of the bills?
Oath of loyalty
What dilemma did Elizabeth face on the accession to the throne?
- She was the daughter of Anne Boleyn, she was the embodiment of the break with Rome and she had been educated by tutors with reformist sympathies
- However, if she were to break with Rome, she would face the potential threat of invasion from hostile Catholic countries
Why did the bill of uniformity face problems for the Lords?
Because it was more Protestant than the Catholic peers were prepared to allow
What did the bill of uniformity enforce?
Reimposed the 1552 Prayer Book with a fine of 12d for those who refused to attend weekly Church services.
What was added to the 1552 Prayer Book to make it seem more Catholic?
Added a passage of Transubstantiation in the book
Oath of Supremacy:
Allowed Elizabeth to extend her control over the Church by appointing Protestant sympathisers in their place
When was the second Act of Supremacy?
1559
