The impact of Henrician religious changes, 1533-37; the break with Rome and the dissolution of the monasteries Flashcards
1533 - 1537
- Break from Rome
- Henry Supreme Head of the Church
Who had masterminded the break with Rome and the royal supremacy?
Thomas Cromwell
Which institution was used to legalise Henry’s actions and create a means through which opponents of the supremacy could be punished?
Acts of Parliament
Who did Henry annul his marriage to in 1533 and who did he marry in the same year?
Annul - Catherine of Aragon
Married - Anne Boleyn
Henry’s religious beliefs:
Was not a religious reformer
Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer beliefs:
Radical religious views
North and South’s religious beliefs:
North - Traditional Catholic beliefs were still predominant
South - Reformist ideas
What did Henry appoint Cromwell as in 1535?
Vicegerent in Spirituals
What did Cromwell do as Vicegerent in Spirituals?
- Alter the doctrine
- Appointed new bishops such as Hugh Latimer
Actions Cromwell took to ensure support for Henry’s changes in churches: (2)
- Launched a propaganda campaign in support of the supremacy through preaching in churches
- in April 1535, Royal letters were sent to all bishops, nobility and JPs ordering them to imprison clergymen who continued to preach in support of the Pope’s authority
When was the Act of Ten Articles?
1536
Act of Ten Articles significance: (3)
- First attempt to define the doctrine of the new English Church
- Article on the Eucharist was deliberately ambiguous
- The number of sacraments was decreased from 7 to 3
Cromwell’s injunctions of 1536: (3)
- Attacked traditional practices such as pilgrimages
- Emphasis placed on relics and images and the worship of saints
- Banned Holy Days
What area was most reluctant to follow Henry’s religious changes?
North of England
Sir Richard Rich:
Chancellor of the Court of Augmentations and helped Cromwell in the organisation of the dissolution of the monasteries
When was the Act of Supremacy passed?
1534
What did the Act of Supremacy do?
- Confirmed Henry as the head of the English Church
- Oath had to be taken
When was the treason act passed?
1534
What did the treason act do?
- Classed as treason if you plotted against the King or spoke out against the king or supremacy
Which 2 high profile men refused to accept the supremacy and what happened to them in 1535?
- Sir Thomas More and John Fisher
- Both executed
Members of the conservative faction at Court:
- Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
- Edward Stanley, Earl of Derby
- Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
What was the aim of this conservative faction?
To see a restoration of Catholicism
What happened to Princess Mary in 1534?
Made illegitimate and barred from the succession
What did the Court-based plot of 1535-6 aim to do?
Sought to remove Henry altogether and to replace him with Mary instead
Spiritual role of the monasteries:
Monastic orders such as Benedictines and Cistercians followed rules of poverty, chastity and obedience
Socio-economic role of the monasteries:
Provided support for the poor and cared for the sick and elderly
By 1530, how many religious houses were there?
Nearly 900
By 1530, how many people were there in religious orders in England?
12,000
Why did Cromwell and other reformers want to dissolve monasteries?
Due to their belief in purgatory
What was the 1535 survey of Church wealth called
Valor Ecclesiasticus
What was the remit of Cromwell’s commissioners when they carried out visitations to monasteries?
Tried to find evidence that monasteries were corrupt to use against them
What did the 1536 Act of Parliament authorise and what happened to some monasteries as a result?
Authorised the dissolution of smaller monasteries
Religious causes of the 1536 rebellions: (3)
- Reformers’ attacks on traditional practices such as pilgrimages and worship of saints
- dissolution of the monasteries
- undermined purgatory
Social and economic causes of the 1536 rebellions: (3)
- 2 years of bad weather and poor harvests in the North
- Entry fines and enclosures hit farm tenants
- Act of Uses (1535) attempted to prevent landowners avoiding the financial demands of their king
Nobility who became involved in the rebellions of 1536:
Sir Thomas Percy and Lord Darcy to restore Princess Mary and remove Cromwell
Two leading northern nobles who did not join the rebellions of 1536:
Earl of Derby and Lord Dacre
Henry’s councillors:
Evil heretics
How many rebels met in Louth
3,000
Grievances of the rebels in their first petition of the 9th October?
- Dissolution of the smaller monasteries
- Cromwell, Rich and the promotions of reformers such as Cranmer
Grievances of the rebels in their first petition of the 9th October?
- Dissolution of the smaller monasteries
- Cromwell, Rich and the promotions of reformers such as Cranmer
How many rebels had joined the rebellion by the time they had marched to Lincoln?
10,000
Leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace
Robert Aske
Which rebel turned on Henry?
Lord Darcy
How many rebels in total during POG?
30,000
How many men were in the royal army led by the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Shrewsbury?
8,000
Meeting between Norfolk and the rebels on 27th October?
Pontefract
What three things did Norfolk agree with the rebels?
- Kings pardon
- Promise of a Northern Parliament
- Further negotiations on the fate of the monasteries
How many people did Henry execute on his revenge?
over 144
Nobility that were executed:
Darcy
Percy
Hussey
