the retina Flashcards
what are the 3 stages of diabetic retinopathy?
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)
Diabetic macular oedema
what do you see in mild to moderate NPDR?
microvascular leakages- haemorrhages and occlusions
Microaneurysms (balloon at end of vessel due to pressure)
Hard exudates
Intraretinal hemorrhages
Patients may be asymptomatic
what are cotton wool spots a sign of?
ischaemia
what are the clinical signs of PDR?
Neovascularization
Vitreous haemorrhage and traction
what is the difference between NVD and NVE?
NVD = disc
NVE = elsewhere
what are the symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage?
Floaters
Severe visual loss
Requires immediate ophthalmologic consultation
what is the treatment for severe NPDR?
laser therapy
what is the spectrum of fundus findings in pathologic myopia?
Lacquer cracks
Subretinal hemorrhage
Fuchs’ spot
Posterior staphyloma
RPE/choroidal atrophy
Cystoid, paving-stone, lattice degeneration
Retinal thinning/holes
Scleral thinning
CNV
what are the different classifications of retinal holes?
Break - full-thickness defect in sensory retina
Hole - caused by chronic retinal atrophy
Tear - caused by dynamic vitreoretinal traction
what are the 2 types of retinal detachment?
Rhegmatogenous - caused by a
retinal break
Non-rhegmatogenous - tractional or
exudative
what can be caused by posterior retinal detachment?
retinal tear
what is a sign of central retinal artery occlusion?
pale with cherry red spot
what are the clinical findings of vitreo-macular traction (VMT)?
Metamorphopsia and decreased vision
Partial posterior vitreous detachment
Vitreous traction on the macula with subretinal fluid accumulation or CME
does a macular hole usually cause retinal detachment?
no
