The Respiratory System - Ch22 Flashcards
What is the main function of respiratory system?
- supply the body with O2 for cellular respiration
- dispose of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration
what is the respiratory processes?
Respiratory system
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of lungs
- External respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
Circulatory system
- Transport of O2 and CO2 in blood
- Internal respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues.
Pulmo: L : lung
respiration
Ventilation:
- Inspiration (Inhalation): Breathe in air.
Expiration (Exhalation): Breathe out air.
- External Respiration:
Exchange of O2 and CO2 in the lungs and blood.
- Transport of Respiratory Gases:
O2 to Tissues.
CO2 from Tissues.
- Internal Respiration:
Exchange of O2 and CO2 in the blood and body tissues.
The major organs involved in respirations?
- Upper respiratory
–> Nose and nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx - Lower respiratory
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and branches
Lungs and alveoli
What is the nose and its functions?
Nose is the only external portion of respiratory system
Functions of nose
* Provides an airway for respiration
* Moistens and warms entering air
* Filters and cleans inspired air
* Serves as resonating chamber for speech
* Houses olfactory receptors
–>Divided into two regions: external nose and nasal cavity
nasal cavity over review
- Location: Within and behind the external nose.
- Nose is Separated by nasal septum.
- Posterior Openings: Lead to nasopharynx.
- Roof: Formed by ethmoid and sphenoid bones.
- Floor: Hard palate (bone) and soft palate (muscle).
- Nasal Vestibule: superior to nostrils; lined with vibrissae (hairs).
- Mucous Membranes:
Olfactory mucosa (contains olfactory epithelium).
Respiratory mucosa with seromucous glands. - Function: Filtration, humidification, and olfaction.
- Key Features:
Sneezing reflex, serous cells, ciliated cells, sensory nerve endings.
What is nasal conchae?
L: shell
- Scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
- Three sections: superior, middle, and inferior conchae.
What is Paranasal sinuses, its location and function?
- Air-filled cavities in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones around the nasal cavity.
- Functions: Lighten the skull, secrete mucus, and contribute to air conditioning for inhaled air.
Significance of Rhinitis
- Inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
- Symptoms and Causes:
Commonly caused by viral infections, allergies, or irritants.
Symptoms may include nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching.
Pharynx and the regions?
- Funnel-shaped muscular tube from the base of the skull to vertebra C6.
- Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus.
Regions:
1) Nasopharynx:
Located behind (posterior) the nasal cavity, Pharyngeal tonsils are posterior aswell.
–Soft palate and uvula close the nasopharynx during swallowing
2) Oropharynx:
Positioned behind the oral cavity.-
Palatine tonsils located in lateral walls
Lingual tonsil located on posterior surface of tongue.
3) Laryngopharynx:
Posterior to upright epiglottis
-
Palatine tonsils located in lateral walls
—Tonsil stones form in palatine area—
Larynx and its function?
” voice box”
- Extends from the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to the hyoid bone.
Connections:
Opens into the laryngopharynx and is continuous with the trachea.
Functions:
Patent Airway:
Ensures an open air passage.
Air and Food Routing:
Directs air and food into the proper channels.
Voice Production:
Houses vocal folds for sound generation.
Note:
Breaking the hyoid bone occurs in strangulation.
Larynx Framework?
Mostly hyaline cartilages (except for epiglottis).
1) Thyroid Cartilage: Large, shield-shaped cartilage resembling an upright open book.
- Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) is the “spine” of the book.
2) Cricoid Cartilage:
Ring-shaped, named “cricoid” from the Greek “krikos,” meaning “ring-shaped.”
Larynx and Vocal Folds?
Structure of Vocal Folds:
- Vocal ligaments lying deep to** laryngeal mucosa.**
Appearance: White due to the absence of blood vessels and presence of elastic fibers. - Glottis: The opening between vocal folds.
Function: Vocal folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs. - Vestibular Folds: Superior to vocal folds.
Function: No role in sound production; helps close the glottis during swallowing
how does the Voice production happen?
- Speech: intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis
- Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips.
- The hormone testosterone thickens and lengthens vocal cords during puberty, producing deeper voices.
Trachea and its layers
- Trachea (windpipe) extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi
- it wall is composed of3 layer which are
1) Mucosa: Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Goblet cells for mucus protection
2) Submucosa: Connective tissue and Contains seromucous glands
3) Adventitia: Outermost layer and has Connective tissue support. - in the trachea there is trachealis which the smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior (back) parts of cartilage rings and Contracts during coughing.
- when the trachea branches out Carina, which is the Last cartilage, branching point and its Highly sensitive mucosa
- smoking inhibits cilia and destroys it.
